NO. 13 SOVIET ANTHROPOLOGY — FIELD 211 



not less than three Mongoloid races of the second order, six Euro- 

 peoid races, and one or two transitional tyi^es. lArkho suggested 

 immediate standardization of these definitions. Wherever craniometric 

 studies were possible, the results conformed to a remarkable degree 

 with those obtained on the living. 



Provisionally, the zone of the original formation of Turkish lan- 

 guages appears to have been peopled by both Mongoloids and dolicho- 

 cephalic Europeans. 



On the basis of existing data, the modern Turks may be considered 

 neither as belonging to a homogeneous race, nor as originating from 

 a single racial base. This does not contradict the results obtained bv 

 Oshanin and lArkho, substantiated by the palcoanthropological finds 

 of Debets, showing the contemporaneity of Mongoloid complexes with 

 definite historical groupings and stratifications of the Turks in Central 

 Asia and South Russia (e.g., the Polovtsy) as well as the connection 

 found by Debets between the ancient Turkish elements in the Chu- 

 vash langaugc with the sublapponoid and Mediterranean European 

 elements. 



Physical development. — A regional characterization is complicated 

 by the lack of data "" and the differences in recording techniques. It 

 is possible, however, to state that the physical development of the 

 Turkish tribes varies greatly with the geographic, economic, and social 

 conditions, all of which have operated for long periods of time to 

 modify the somatic peculiarities of the inhabitants. 



It often happens that racially different groups in a closely similar 

 environment retain their own peculiar traits, as, for example, the 

 narrow chests of the Turkomans (Oshanin), while closely related 

 groups under differing environments show different physical indices. 



Among the Qiuvashes, Kirghiz, Uzbeks (Libman), and the 

 Turkomans of North Caucasus (Vertogradskaia), body temperature, 

 rate of pulse and respiration, and blood pressure were recorded. 



No specific racial peculiarities were disclosed through the study 

 of blood samples, many of which were collected. 



Mestication. — Because of the highly mixed character of the Tur- 

 kish peoples with re;^ard to the races of the first and second orders, 

 it is possible to utilize the data regarding such tribes for the study 

 of the problems of mestization. 



A special study was undertaken by I.\rkho during i'yJ4-i925 in 

 the Oirot and Khakass Autonomous Provinces. Hccause of tlie 



•* Records of stature, weight, chest circumference, etc., were taken by 

 members of the former Society for the Study of Soviet Asia and MGU. These 

 figures are given in table 7, AZH, No. i, pp. 47-64. ^93^^- 



