2l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IIO 



1. The oldest type is represented by the skeletons of the so-called 

 Drevne-IAmnaia culture, attributed to the third millennium B. C. 

 This type is closely similar to the Upper Paleolithic crania of Western 

 Europe, 



2. The stage of the Catacomb culture, which apparently did not 

 spread east of the Volga, belongs to the end of the third and to the 

 beginning of the second millennium B. C. This culture appears to 

 have penetrated from the west. The typical skull, belonging to the 

 Eurasian brachycephals, stands most closely to the Dinaric group. 

 To some degree, this type is also connected with a similar culture in 

 the Ukraine. 



3. The Srubno-Khvalynskaia culture of the late Bronze Age (second 

 millennium B. C.) in many localities follows directly after the Drevne- 

 IAmnaia culture; in general, the racial type is close to that of the 

 preceding period. 



4. Crania of the period between the end of the Bronze Age (ninth 

 century B. C.) and the beginning of the Hellenistic period (third 

 century B. C.) have not been studied. 



5. The prevalent racial type of the Sarmatian culture, during the 

 Hellenistic and the Roman periods (third century B. C. — third cen- 

 tury A. D.) came to the Volga area from Kazakhstan ; the crania and 

 long bones appear to be most closely related to the skeletons of the 

 Andronovo culture from western Siberia. 



6. During the same period there is also found, mainly in the 

 Astrakhan area, a type belonging to the Eurasian brachycephals, 

 which may be connected with the type belonging to the Catacomb 

 culture. 



CRANIOLOGY OF THE TATARS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE 



Trofimova ^ of the Moscow State Museum of Anthropology studied 

 a series of 35 male crania from two sites of the Golden Horde period 

 (fourteenth-fifteenth centuries) at Sharinnyi Bugor [hill] and Strelets- 

 kaia Sloboda settlement, near Astrakhan. These crania, originating 

 from Vorobievs' and Lesgaft's excavations about 1870 are now pre- 

 served in the Moscow State Museum of Anthropology and in the 

 Museum of the Anatomical Institute, Kazan. The series of 11 crania 

 from the Kazan Museum were measured by Debets, the rest by Tro- 

 fimova. Rudolph Martin's measurements were used by Trofimova, 



2 Trofimova, T. A., Kraniologicheskii ocherk Tatar Zolotoi Ordy [Cranio- 

 logical outline of the Tatars of the Golden Horde]. AZH, No. 2, pp. 166-192, 

 1936. 



