NO. 13 SOVIET ANTHROPOLOGY — FIELD 221 



The European brachyccphalic type of the Lower Volga, of the 

 foothills of the Urals ("PriUrare"), western Kazakhstan, and Cen- 

 tral Asia represents the ancient population of these regions during the 

 Sarmatian epoch. This type was preserved during the Golden Horde 

 epoch mainly among the city-dwelling Tatars but still exists among 

 the Karagash Tatars ^° of the Lower Volga region and among various 

 groups of Central Asia.^^ It is also probable that lArkho's Pamiro- 

 Ferghan type represented among the contemporary Kazakhs " of the 

 Altais is also a vestige of this ancient population. 



In the light of these materials " it is possible once more to deduce 

 that the Mongolian conquest may by no means be regarded as a 

 significant mass migration, but as merely a military and political 

 expansion of the ^longolian Empire. According to Barthold'*: 

 "The overwhelming majority of the Mongols returned to Mongolia; 

 the Mongolians who remained in the conquered land, rapidly lost their 

 nationality." 



At the time of the partition of the Empire of Genghis Khan among 

 his heirs, the majority of the Mongolian warriors remained in the 

 Ugedei Uliis (Mongolia proper) and only 4,000 warriors remained 

 in the entire territory of Djuchi Ulus including eastern Europe and 

 the modern territory of Kazakhstan and Khwarazm. Thus, the numer- 

 ous Mongol troops, mentioned by Plano-Carpini, most probably con- 

 sisted of subjugated Kipchaks and other eastern European nomadic 

 tribes. According to Barthold," "The formation of the Mongolian 

 Empire was not accompanied, as in the instance of the German in- 

 vasion of the Roman provinces, by the migration of the people." 



In the light of the anthropological data it is interesting to note the 



1° Based on T. Trofimova's unpublished data obtained during an MGU Expedi- 

 tion in 1932. 



11 Oshanin, L. V., K sravnitelnoi antropologii ctnichcskikh grup prishlykh iz 

 Pcrcdiiei .Xzii (Contribution to the comparative anthropology of ethnic groups 

 originating in Western Asiah Matcrialy antropologii naselcniia Uzbckistana, 

 No. I, Tashkent, 1929. 



12 lArkho, A. I., Kazaki Russkogo Aitaia [The Kazakhs of the Russian 

 Altai 1. Severnaia Aziia, Nos. 1/2, p. 76, 1930. 



13 lAkubovskii, A., Stolitsa Zolotoi Ordy Sarai Bcrke [The capital of the 

 Golden Horde Saiai Berkel. G.MMK, Leningrad, 193a. 



1* Barthold, \\ V., Istoriia turetsko-monogolskikh narodov [History of the 

 Turko-Mongolian peoples], p. 17, Tashkent, 1928. 



15 Barthold, V. V., Isotoriia kulturnoi zhizni Turkcstana [The cultural history 

 of Turkestan]. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Leningrad, 1927, p. 86. 



