62 



SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 



130 



FLIGHT 



Annandale, N., 1923, pp. 233-251. (Barkuda, 

 India, Termes flight for 3 miles.) 



(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920, pp. 89- 

 195. (U.S., swarming dates.) 



Beeson, C. F. C., 1941a, pp. 524-553. (India, 

 swarming dates.) 



Bess, H. A., 1954, p. 274. Note. (Hawaii, 

 Honolulu, Coptota-mes formosanus, heavy 

 flight early evening May i, 1953, in street, 

 "kona" conditions prevailed.) 



Bryk, F., 1927, pp. 1-3. (Children make 

 rhythmic noise by hammering with sticks 

 on wood, producing sounds as of patter- 

 ing rain to lure Odontotermes to swarm 

 into trap, as food for natives in East 

 Africa.) 



Casati, G., 1891, p. 166. (Factors influencing 

 swarm, night, rain, etc., Equatoria.) 



DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp. 

 279-302. (Panama and Canal Zone, Kalo- 

 termitidae swarm during early part rainy 

 season, other termites also influenced by 

 rainfall.) 



Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, p. 617. 

 (Reticulitermes in U.S.) 



Essig, E. O., 1926a, p. 92. (Berkeley, Calif., 

 Reticulitermes hesperus, Ta-mopsis an- 

 gusticollis.) 



Feytaud, J., 1915, pp. 65-68, 82-84. {Reticuli- 

 termes Iticijugus, France.) 



Fuller, C, 1915a, pp. 329-505. (Calling atti- 

 tude females, crawl up grass stems and 

 violendy agitate wings, Termes, South 

 Africa.) 



Click, P. A., 1939, p. 60. {Reticulitermes 

 virginicus collected by airplane at 3,000 

 feet elevation.) 



Grasse, p. p., 1942, pp. 347-382. (Analysis 

 of an instinctive complex; tropisms, cen- 

 trifugal impulses, and reflexes.) 



Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896-1897, pp. 

 246-315 (310-313); pp. 1-75. {Calotermes 

 ftavicollis and Reticulitermes lucijugus, 

 Catania, Sicily; in latter sexes swarm 

 separately.) 



I^agen, H. a., 1879, p. 118. (U.S., Massa- 

 chusetts, T. flavipes, large swarm.) 



Harms, J. W., 1927, pp. 221-236. {Macro- 

 termes gilvtis, swarming not correlated 

 with rainfall, after sunset after or during 

 rainfall, dispersal prevents inbreeding; 

 males 55%, females 45% of flight.) 



Harvey, P. A., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. 221. 

 {Kalotermes minor, western U.S.) 



Herfs, a., 1951, pp. 69-77. (Laboratory ob- 

 servations on seasonal rhythm, number 



and size, sex ratio, swarms. Sex ratio 

 constant in every nest. Colonizing not 

 nuptial flight, for expansion.) 



HiNGSTON, R. W, G., 1920, chap. 12. (In 

 Himalaya swarming termites reach height 

 1,000 feet.) 



Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1933, p. 130. (Java, 

 Macrotermes swarming in early morning 

 and nest of Alcedo in Nasutitertnes nest.) 



Laloy, L., 1904, pp. 131-132. (France.) 



Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed. (U.S., 

 pp. 34-41; Coptotermes, Hawaii, pp. 327- 

 328.) 



Light, S. P., and Weesner, F. M., 1948, pp. 

 54-68. (Biology Arizona termites with 

 emphasis on swarming.) 



Liong, L. S., 1953, pp. 220-222. (East Java, 

 flight later afternoon, early morning, after 

 first rains — West, monsoon.) 



McKeown, K. C, 1944, rev. ed. p. 68. (Aus- 

 tralia, Eutermes flight towers illustrated.) 



Miller, E. M., and Miller, D. B., 1944, pp. 

 101-107. (Florida, U.S., local species.) 



Morstatt, H., 1920a, pp. 150-152. 



Perez, J., 1894a, pp. 866-868. {Reticulitermes 

 lucijugus.) 



Perris, E., 1876a, pp. ccxvi-ccxvii. (Emery on 

 flight "Eutermes" flavicollis.) 



Petch, T., 19 17, pp. 395-397. (Ceylon, emer- 

 gence winged Termes obscuriceps, nar- 

 rowing of exit at midday by workers 

 preparatory to emergence winged at 5:57 

 p.m. — main flight 13 min. Narrow exit 

 usual in Ceylon mound-building species. 

 Soldiers and workers exit to protect 

 winged, close exit after flight. Return of 

 dealated male and female to nest ap- 

 parently before fertilization.) 



Pickens, A. L., 1952, p. 134. (U.S., Reticuli- 

 termes, in early swarms, two sizes winged 

 adults may emerge from young colonies.) 



Pruthi, H. S., 1939, p. 108. (Swarming 

 Odontotermes and Mia-otermes, Delhi, 

 India.) 



Riley, C. V., and Howard, L. O., 1893, p. 35. 

 (Swarming in houses, U.S.) 



Rosa, J. S., 1954, p. 266. (Hawaii, Honolulu, 

 Coptotermes formosanus, flight 10 a.m., 

 Jan. 13, in street, overcast day.) 



Rothney, G. a. J., 1918, pp. Ixiv-lxvi. (Flight 

 at Banackpore, India.) 



Smith, W. W., 1926, pp. 83-84. (New Zea- 

 land.) 



Snodgrass, R. E., 1952, p. 316. (Mechanism 

 of flight.) 



