2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I4I 



factory control. In order to advance knowledge in any field of science, 

 new research should proceed from the results of prior investigations 

 when these exist. We hope that the observations and experiments 

 cited herein may suggest areas for future research and exploitation. 



To the best of our knowledge no previous publication has brought 

 together the vast literature on the parasites, predators, commensals, 

 and other symbiotic associates of the Blattaria. For this reason, we 

 have tried to assemble observations on all such known associations. 

 Undoubtedly we have overlooked some records, as, for example, those 

 buried in papers dealing with other phases of cockroach biology. We 

 hope that such inadvertent omissions will not seriously impair the 

 usefulness of this compilation. Whatever its defects, this review 

 should be a unified source of information for all who are interested 

 in the biotic associates of cockroaches. 



In addition to previously published information, this monograph 

 also contains original records and observations on the associations of 

 cockroaches that are reported here for the first time. Although some 

 of the observations were made by us, others were made by colleagues 

 who have graciously made their knowledge available to us in private 

 communications. 



HISTORICAL 



Chopard (1938) in his book La Biologie des Orthoptcres reviewed 

 much of the literature on cockroaches, but of the many biotic associa- 

 tions that exist he discussed only the commensal cockroaches, gregari- 

 ousness, and familial associations. Asano (1937), who reviewed the 

 natural enemies of cockroaches, mentioned about 10 groups of animals 

 that attack cockroaches. Thompson (1951) in his Parasite Host 

 Catalogue, which was based mainly on papers abstracted or noted in 

 the Review of Applied Entomology, listed only 19 insect parasites of 

 cockroaches. Eighteen of these were Hymenoptera which attack onl}'^ 

 cockroach eggs; the single dipteron listed {Sarcophaga lamhens 

 Wiedemann, supposedly parasitic on Pycnoscelus siirinamensis) is not 

 a parasite in this case, but deposits its eggs on the dead insects (see 

 p. 229). Cameron (1955) listed as parasites and predators of the 

 cockroach 24 species of hymenopterous egg parasites, 7 species of 

 Ampule X which hunt nymphs and adults, 17 Protozoa, 13 nematodes, 

 5 bacteria, 2 mites, and a few other miscellaneous predators. In his 

 classified list of the protozoan parasites of the Orthoptera of the 

 world, Semans (1943) listed about 26 species from cockroaches. Lin- 

 stow (1878, 1889) recorded 14 species of helminths from cockroaches. 

 Van Zwaluwenburg (1928) listed 33 names of roundworms which 



