14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I4I 



dromia supcllectilium (Serv.) ; ruficollis (Fabricius) [Sytuploce 



Bei-Bienko (1950)] bilabiafa Rehn and Hebard; 



Symploce breviraviis (Hanitsch) Princis (1949a)] 



cavernicola (Shelford) [Ischnop- TartarobJatta karatavica Bei-Bienko 



tera cavernicola (Shelford); Tcmnopteryx obliquetruncata Chov^vA 

 „, „ , . . • , ^, phalerata (Saussure) 



Fhyllodronna ntqrocincta Cno- t^, ^, ^ ■ r-t j 



1 heganoptcryx straminea Chopard 



pard; Hebard (1929)] j^,^^^ nuptialis (Gerstaecker) [Co- 

 curta Hanitsch y^,^/^ nuptialis Gerstaecker; 



flagcllata Hebard Princis (1950)] 



hospes (Perkins) [Symploce lita Tivia australica Princis 

 Hebard; Hebard (1922)] brunnea (Chopard) 



jamaicana (Rehn) M'^^a. (Burmeister) 



kevani Chopard ^nacracantha Chopard 



parenthesis (Gerstaecker) [Phyl- ^ f.^l^;"^ (Chopard) 



... , . ^ Typhloblatta caeca (Chopard) {Spe- 



loaromta Parenthesis Ger- i t^i 1. r-^ j r-i 



laeoblatta caeca Chopard; Cho- 



staecker; Rehn (1932)] p^^d (1924b)] 



remyi (Hanitsch) [Ischnoptera Typhloblattodcs madccassns Chopard 



remyi Hanitsch; Chopard Xestoblat fa festae (Griffmi) 

 (1938)] immacidata Hebard 



III. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS 



The ecology of extinct cockroaches is necessarily a highly specu- 

 lative subject. From the coexistence of fossil cockroaches and fossil 

 plants in the same geological stratum, one might conclude that there 

 had been intimate associations between them during prehistoric life. 

 Heer (1864) and Goldenberg (1877) suggested that Carboniferous 

 cockroaches fed on the plants with which they have been found as 

 fossils. Scudder (1879) concurred with this hypothesis. However, 

 Bolton (1911), remarking on the noticeable associations of blattoid 

 wings with vegetable remains, suggested that the cockroaches may 

 have been partly carnivorous, feeding on the snails Spirorbis pusilhis, 

 which were attached to the leaves of Cordaites. Yet the proximity 

 of fossil insects and plants in the same geological formation is hardly 

 proof of a similar association during life. In fact, Sellards (1903), 

 Bolton (1921), and Laurentiaux (1951) have all pointed out that the 

 cockroach remains, particularly the more resistant wings, may have 

 been washed into streams by heavy rains and transported with drift- 

 ing plant material to places where permanent deposits were accu- 

 mulating. 



Some species of fossil cockroaches have long, well-developed ovi- 

 positors, very unlike present-day cockroaches whose ovipositors are 

 stuall and nonprotruding. Brongniart (1889) and Zalesskii (1939, 

 1953) have suggested that certain Permian and Carboniferous cock- 



