BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 39 



North-central U.S. — Observations since 1950 indicate a marked in- 

 crease in frequency and duration of infestations outdoors; observed 

 in bare soil, vegetation, debris, alongside foundations in sodded areas, 

 along sidewalks, and at edge of parking areas througout the year ; in 

 some urban residential areas, the yards of whole blocks of houses were 

 "alive" with this species on warm summer nights ; in winter they have 

 been found under stones, leaf debris, and soil near structures (Shuyler, 

 1956). 



Blattella germanica 



Algeria. — Under moist leaves in woods (Lucas, 1849). 



California. — Under rubbish and on date palms (Herms, 1926). 



Connecticut. — In city dump under loose material, very numerous 

 (Walden, 1922). Additional infestations of dumps by this species 

 have been reported in New York (Felt, 1926, 1928) and New Jersey 

 (Hansens, 1949, 1950). 



England. — Swarming within a rubbish heap in February (Lucas, 

 1912). 



Formosa. — Lives among fallen leaves on the ground (Takahashi, 

 1924). 



North-central U.S. — Reported living outdoors near buildings and 

 in soil under basementless buildings from early summer to late fall 

 (Shuyler, 1956). 



Blattella humbertiana 



India. — Common among decaying vegetation and on trees (Chopard 

 and Chatterjee, 1937). 



Formosa. — Normally found in sugarcane fields, pineapple fields, 

 and grasslands where it feeds on decayed leaves and other decayed 

 vegetable matter and dead insects. It lies concealed among and under 

 fallen leaves and clods of earth on or close to ground and never on 

 the upper parts of plants, except pineapple where it is found among 

 the leaves (Takahashi, 1940). 



Blattella vaga 



Arizona. — Typically an inhabitant of irrigated fields and yards, it 

 is found in fewer numbers on the dry desert. It is found under stones, 

 plant debris, and clumps of earth ; found in greatest numbers around 

 decaying dates on ground (Flock, 1941a). 



Texas. — Beneath duff under athel trees ; rather abundant in clumps 

 of Rhodes grass (Riherd, 1953). 



