BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 47 



Ectobius pallidus 



Algeria. — Under stones ; in moist places that are shaded and 

 covered with plants (Lucas, 1849). 



England. — Very abundant on sand dunes and among bracken in 

 July (Buxton, 191 4). 



Germany. — In deciduous and coniferous forests; at edge of forest, 

 from bare woods and bushes ; numerous under leaves in oak woods 

 and under moss (Zacher, 1917). In forest well lighted by the sun 

 (Ranime, 1923). 



Massachusetts. — Under loose lichens and bark on oak trees ; under 

 boxes, baskets, paper, etc., near houses ; on Swiss chard (Flint, 1951). 

 On roofs of houses, in shrubbery (Gurney, 1953). We have collected 

 this species for several summers in a fairly dense, wooded area near 

 dwellings, among fallen leaves and climbing on the erect stems and 

 undersides of the leaves of periwinkle. Oothecae were found on the 

 ground under leaves and debris. 



Ectobius panzeri 



England. — Abundant on sandhills along shoreline among roots of 

 grass (Burr, 1908). Under dead seaweed and other rubbish a few 

 yards from shore on ground that would be washed by the sea (Lucas, 

 1896). Nymphs found among marram grass (Buxton, 1914). On 

 sandhills near coast and covered with marram grass ; often found on 

 heather and low herbage ; under old bark and rotten wood on posts ; 

 in decayed stump (Lucas, 1920). Swarming on Beta maritima and 

 other plants in July (Lucas, 1920a). Very common in all stages in 

 August, being frequently found under stones (Lucas, 1925). Common 

 on sand dunes especially under stems of dead marram grass. Viable 

 oothecae found buried in sand (Brown, 1952). 



Germany. — In beech woods and in pine woods (Zacher, 1917). 



Ectobius semenovi 



Kazakhstan. — Along the shores of the Syr-daria it is found on and 

 around living willows and on Populus euphratica; under loose bark 

 of dying and dead trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950). 



Ectobius Sylvester 



U.S.S.R. — In wooded steppe zones ; probably only occurs in asso- 

 ciation with forests (Bei-Bienko, 1950). 



