BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 95 



given for each section, but all organisms with similar habits pre- 

 sumably would be classified in the same categories. 



Class A. Associations in which cockroaches serve as hosts, vectors, or prey for 

 other organisms. 

 Type I. Obligate associates. Animals and plants that normally develop 

 only on or in the cockroach; in general, these organisms depend 

 entirely upon the cockroach for survival. 

 Group I. Mutuals (symbiotes or symbionts of authors). 



(a) Bacteria-like organisms (bacteroids which are found in the fat 



body of all cockroaches that have been examined; p. 96), 



(b) Bacteria (wood-digesting forms in Panesthia, and possibly certain 



bacteria in the intestines, of other cockroaches; p. 100). 



(c) Protozoa (several genera and species found in Cryptocercus; 



p. lOl). 



Group 2. Commensals. 



(a) Protozoa {Nyctotheriis, Herpetomonas, Lophomonas, etc.; p. 172). 



(b) Nematodes (Thelastomatidae; p. 193). 

 Group 3. Parasites. 



(a) Fungi (Laboulbeniales ; p. 134). 



(b) Protozoa (gregarines, Plistophora, etc.; p. 181). 



(c) Helminths. 



(7) Primary parasites (mermithids and gordian worms; p. 201). 

 {2) Secondary parasites {Gongylonema neoplasticuni, Oxyiiris 

 inansoni, Moniliformis spp. ; p. 206). 



(d) Arthropods. 



(/) Mites (Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagiis ; p. 219). 

 (2) Insects (larvae of ripiphorids, evaniids, and ampulicids; 

 p. 231). 

 Type II. Facultative associates. Animals and plants that prey on cockroaches 

 or are incidentally or accidentally picked up by the cockroach, but which 

 can survive or propagate readily on some other host or prey. Steinhaus 

 (1946) emphasized the importance of the environment in determining 

 the type of microbial flora associated with the cockroach which may 

 carry one type of flora in an area which is exposed to filth and a 

 different type in other areas. Because many of these organisms survive 

 passage through or on the cockroach, the blattid may act as a vector 

 of these animals and plants. 

 Group I. Commensals. 



(a) Viruses (strains of poliomyelitis virus; p. 103). 



(b) Bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae, 



etc.; p. III). 



(c) Fungi (Aspergillus; p. 130). 



(d) Protozoa (lodamoeba, Dobellina, and cysts of Entamoeba colt 



and Entamoeba histolytica; p. 179). 



(e) Helminths (cysts of various helminths parasitic in vertebrates; 



p. 208). 



(f) Arthropods. 



(i) Mites (Tyrophagus lintneri; p. 218). 



