BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 237 



species ; he concluded that the developing eggs of this species are pro- 

 tected against egg parasites because they are carried within the female. 

 Clausen (1940), in classifying the placement of parasitic wasp eggs 

 in relation to the host, erected the category : Egg placed in the embryo 

 while the latter is still within the parent. He stated that although this 

 behavior was not definitely known to occur, it probably could occur. 

 However, the records cited above do not indicate that the alleged 

 parasitization followed this pattern. 



Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Hawaii (Swezey, 1929). 



Periplaneta americana, Europe ( Schletterer, 1889; Bordage, 1896; 

 Kiefifer, 1912) ; Reunion Island (Bordage, 1913) ; Puerto Rico (Sein, 

 1923) ; Jamaica (Gowdey, 1925) ; Hawaii (Swezey, 1929) ; Pal- 

 estine (Bodenheimer, 1930) ; U.S.A., Florida (Ashmead, 1900) ; 

 Maryland (Piquett and Fales, 1952) ; Saudi Arabia, Jedda (Cam- 

 eron, 1957) ; Canton Island and Samoa (Dumbleton, 1957). 



Periplaneta americana or P. australasiae, Formosa (Sonan, 1924). 



Periplaneta australasiae, U.S.A., Florida (Ashmead, 1900) ; Ha- 

 waii (Swezey, 1929; Zimmerman, 1948). [Girault (1914) errone- 

 ously attributed another record to Marlatt (1902) ; see footnote 6, 

 above.] 



Experimental host. — Blatta orientalis, U.S.A. (Haber, 1920). 



Relatively little detailed information was known about this wasp 

 (%• 5)> one of the earliest parasites of cockroach eggs to be dis- 

 covered, until Cameron (1957) studied its biology. Arnold (Kirby 

 and Spence, 1826) discovered that the genus Evania parasitized 

 Blatta, but did not know whether the wasp developed on the cockroach 

 eggs or in the nymphs. MacLeay (West wood, 1843) determined that 

 Evania developed within the oothecae of cockroaches. Westwood 

 (1854a) found the larvae, pupae, and adults of E. appcndigastcr in 

 egg cases of an unidentified species of cockroach found on orchids re- 

 ceived from Calcutta. 



Adult behavior. — Adult wasps visited flowers of parsley, Pctro- 

 selium crispum, and fennel, Foeniculum vulgarc (Margretti in Schlet- 

 terer, 1886; Crosskey, 1951). In Hawaii the adult wasps have been 

 seen resting on leaves coated with honey dew (Williams et al., 1931) ; 

 Evania sp. were attracted to the honey dew secreted by a diaspine scale 

 insect (Williams, 1931). Adults lived two to three weeks in captivity 

 with ample food and water (Cameron, 1957). 



Oviposition. — Shelford (1912, 1916) erroneously supposed that 

 Evania, by means of her cleaverlike abdomen, opened the ootheca at 

 the crista and then deposited her egg or eggs on the eggs of the cock- 

 roach. Haber (1920) observed and described oviposition. The female 



