BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 25I 



Periplaneta brunnea, U.S.A., Florida (parasitized oothecae were 

 collected near Orlando, by members of the Orlando Laboratory, En- 

 tomology Research Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The 

 parasites were identified by Burks, p. c, 1955). 



Cockroach eggs, Formosa (Maki, 1937) ; Ceylon (Waterston, 

 1 91 4) : Taken on an ootheca. 



"Domestic cockroaches," U.S.A., Louisiana (Girault, 191 7). 



"Roach egg cases," Panama Canal Zone (Rau, 1933). 



Evania sp., Hawaii (Ashmead, 1901 ; Perkins, 1913) ; Guam 

 (Fullaway, 1912) ; Fiji (Lever, 1946) ; Europe, Cuba, Florida 

 (Marlatt, 1902, 1915). 



Experimental hosts. — Blatla orientalis, Eurycotis floridana, and 

 Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, 1954b) : We have 

 maintained T. hagenowii for over two years through more than 30 

 generations on eggs of both B. orientalis and P. americana. 



Periplaneta fuliginosa, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, 

 1954b) ; Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1957). 



Schmidt (1937) deduced that T. hagenowii was a primary parasite 

 of eggs of P. americana because the parasitized ootheca was obtained 

 from a cage covered with screen too fine to permit entry of a larger 

 parasite, such as an evaniid. As noted above, we have reared T. hag- 

 enowii for more than 30 generations on cockroach eggs, none of which 

 was ever exposed to parasitization by an evaniid. If T. hagenowii 

 were ever hyperparasitic on Evania, this relationship would be acci- 

 dental, the eulophid happening to oviposit into an ootheca already con- 

 taining an evaniid, or vice versa. 



Adult behavior. — The male mates soon after becoming adult ; he 

 mounts the female from behind, grasps her antennae with his own 

 antennae, and vibrates his wings during copulation. Mating is ac- 

 complished in from "several" to 20 seconds (Takahashi, 1924; Ed- 

 munds, 1955). The adults are positively phototactic and are capable 

 of hopping for some distance (Edmunds, 1955). The females feed 

 on material that oozes through the oviposition puncture (Roth and 

 Willis, 1954b). Females lived 10 days (Sein, 1923). Without food, 

 females lived 7.8 days and males 3.4 days, but when fed dilute honey 

 females lived 12.5 days (Usman, 1949). Females lived 5-1 1 days 

 (Roth and Willis, 1954b), Fed water and sugar, the wasps lived 2-6 

 weeks at 65° F. (Cameron, 1955). Without food, 9 females lived an 

 average of 3.5 days and 9 males an average of 1.7 days, but when fed 

 on raisins, 9 females lived an average of 25 days and 9 males 15 days 

 (Edmunds, 1955). In Formosa there were six generations from April 

 to December (Maki, 1937). 



