BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 261 



Natural hosts. — Blattella germanica, France (Benoist, 1927). 



Ectobius lapponicus, Germany (Sickmann, 1893) ; Denmark 

 (Nielsen, 1903) ; Sweden (Adlerz, 1903) ; Italy (Grandi, 1931, 

 1954); France (Benoist, 1927; Maneval, 1928). 



Ectobms pallidus, France (Maneval, 1932; Soyer, 1947). 



Ectobius panseri, France (Soyer, 1947). 



Ectobius sp., Italy (Grandi, 1954). 



H ololampra punctata, Pitten (Handlirsch, 1889). 



Loboptera dccipiens, France (Ferton, 1894), 



Cockroach, Netherlands (Bouwman, 1914). 



Nesting sites. — The wasp uses already-made cavities such as rotting 

 dead branches on ground, fissures in the earth, abandoned ant holes, 

 chinks in stone, or the empty cocoon of the ichneumon Ophion luteus 

 (Ferton, 1894; Maneval, 1932). 



Behavior. — The prey is immobile while being dragged to the nest 

 but recovers sufficiently from the sting so that if dug up it will run 

 around (Ferton, 1894; Bouwman, 1914; Benoist, 1927; Grandi, 

 1954). The wasp cuts off about two-thirds of the cockroach's antennae 

 prior to putting its prey in its nest (Adlerz, 1903; Bouwman, 1914; 

 Soyer, 1947). One cockroach is placed in the nest and the wasp's egg 

 is attached to the midcoxa (Ferton, 1894). Oviposition takes 5 to 6 

 minutes (Maneval, 1939). Wasp fills and seals its nest with bits of 

 earth and stones (Ferton, 1894; Grandi, 1954). The wasp larva feeds 

 externally and devours the entire cockroach, including its exoskeleton 

 (Ferton, 1894). 



Development. — Hatching occurs in 3 to 4 days (Ferton, 1894) or 

 longer during cooler weather (Maneval, 1939). Larval development 

 takes 6 days (Grandi, 1954), 8 days (Ferton, 1894), or 10 to 25 days 

 depending on season (Maneval, 1939). 



Dolichurus gilberti Turner 

 Natural hosts. — "Small Blattidae," India (Turner, 1917). 



Dolichurus greenei Rohwer 



Natural host. — Parcoblatta sp., U.S.A., Virginia (Krombein, 1951, 

 1955) • Nesting sites are under leaf litter. The prey was a paralyzed 

 third-instar nymph. Distribution. — Ontario. U.S.A. from Canadian 

 border south to Florida in coastal States (Krombein, 1951). 



Dolichurus ignitus Sm. 



Natural hosts. — Cockroaches, Natal and Southern Rhodesia (Ar- 

 nold, 1928) : The wasp is "usually seen running up and down the 



