BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES — ROTH & WILLIS 329 



her abdomen. He also recalled that there was in the Hope Museum 

 (Oxford) a female of Phlebonotus pallens to which the following 

 label was attached: *' 'Ceylon . . . carries its young beneath its wing 

 covers. 1878.'" Pruthi (1933) found in South India another female 

 of P. pallens which was carrying over a dozen young nymphs on her 

 back beneath her wings. In his paper Pruthi reproduced a photograph 

 of this specimen with the light-colored nymphs in place on the back of 

 the female. Hanitsch (1933) reported having seen a museum speci- 

 men from Luzon, Philippine Islands, of the apterous female of Peris- 

 phaerus glomeriformis with nymphs still clinging to her undersur- 

 face ; he also reported having seen a museum specimen of a female of 

 Ellipsidion variegatum from Australia with four young clinging to the 

 upper side of the apex of her tegmina and six to the ootheca which 

 projected beyond her body. Presumably this specimen was giving 

 birth when captured. Gurney (1954; personal communication, 1958) 

 stated that specimens of Perisphaerus sp. from Mindanao and Luzon 

 have been found with young nymphs clinging to the middle and hind 

 coxae. The first-instar nymph has en elongate face and specialized 

 galeae. Karny (1925) also observed that at the slightest alarm the 

 young of some species of Phoraspidinae creep under the dome-shaped 

 front wings of the mother. 



The newly hatched young of Lcucophaea maderae have also been 

 seen congregated under the mother on several occasions. Sein (1923) 

 stated that after being born, the nymphs of this species gather under 

 the mother and accompany her at night in her excursions in search of 

 food. Pessoa and Correa (1928) reported that "During the first days 

 the free larvae hide under the adult cockroach which becomes restless 

 and active in contrast to its usual slow gait." Wolcott (1950) stated 

 that "They are not only gregarious, but the mother broods over her 

 young, and together they sally forth at night in search for food, until 

 they are of such a size as to mingle with their elders." 



The African mountain cockroach Aptera fiisca has been observed 

 during late summer and early winter in familial groups beneath loose 

 bark, under stones, and in dead leaves (Skaife, 1954) : "Each party 

 consists of a number of black young ones, together with one, two or 

 more adult females and perhaps a winged male or two. Later on 

 they scatter and live more or less solitary lives." In Malaya Karny 

 (1924) often found phoraspidine females between leaves surrounded 

 by about 20 young nymphs. He stated that one also often found fe- 

 males of Perisphaerus ariiiadillo surrounded by pale, yellowish-white 

 young ; similarly he had observed that Archiblatta hoevenii was found 



