66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42 



with a goodly sprinkling of great Protestant missionaries, but from 

 this time on, wise and careful plans and policies became a larger fac- 

 tor in the work. A growing spirit of cooperation arose, especially in 

 educational and medical work, and in the creating and publishing of 

 Christian literature in the Chinese language. The work continued to 

 prosper, and in 1907 there were 3,445 missionaries and 178,354 

 Protestant church members. 



The revolution of 1911, resulting in the establishment of a nomi- 

 nal republic, brought even greater opportunities to Protestant mis- 

 sions. Many of the revolutionary leaders were at least nominal Chris- 

 tians or had been educated in Christian schools. In establishing new 

 laws and new educational institutions, the help of native Christians 

 and Protestant missionaries was often sought and obtained. Re- 

 ligious liberty was recognized by law, and the number of inquirers 

 and of converts steadily increased. 



Chinese Christians and missionaries began to see the importance of 

 developing indigenous churches that could in time be self-supporting, 

 self-controlling, and self-propagating, with the development and use 

 of strong and able native leaders. Although heated discussions some- 

 times arose, in the long run this became the policy of the native 

 churches, of missionaries, and of foreign missionary societies. The 

 wisdom of this policy became evident in 1949, when China became 

 Communist and foreign missionary work in China came to an end. 



According to "The Christian Occupation of China" (Staufifer, 

 1922), published in 1922 but with materials gathered about 1920, 

 there were in China, in 1920, 344,974 Protestant communicants and 

 a constituency of over 600,000. There were 5,607 Protestant Chris- 

 tian lower primary schools with 155,779 pupils, 956 higher primary 

 schools with 32,829 pupils, 291 middle schools with 15,293 pupils, and 

 14 Christian colleges and universities, the total enrollment being well 

 over 200,000. There were 323 hospitals and 234 dispensaries, be- 

 sides a goodly number of medical schools and nurses' training schools. 

 In 1949, when the bamboo curtain went down in China, there were 

 at least one million Protestant communicants, among them many very 

 able Chinese Christian leaders. 



In "Each with His Own Brush," Daniel Johnson Fleming states 

 that art has always been a handmaid of religion, and that religion has 

 always been a creator and preserver of art. He says that now that 

 Christianity has become ecumenical, established in all parts of the 

 world, one expectantly surveys the younger Christian communities 

 of the world to see what uses of form and color they are making. The 



