11 



ones are generally more or less concealed. Tree frogs will be found 

 in early spring by the side of small streams or ponds in the woods 

 or meadows. Salamanders are found under l^ogs or bark in damp 

 woods, or under flat stones near or in the water. 



Every stream, and, indeed, when possible, many localities in each 

 stream, should be explored for fishes, which are to be preserved as 

 directed. For these, as well as the other alcoholic collections, the 

 lino bags are very useful. 



The stomachs of fishes and other vertebrates will often be found 

 to contain rare animals not otherwise procurable, and should be 

 carefully examined. 



Great attention should be paid to procuring many specimens of 

 the different kinds of small fishes, usually known as minnows, 

 shiners, chubs, &c. Among these will always be found the greatest 

 variety of species, some never exceeding an inch in length. These 

 fish are generally neglected under the idea that they are merely 

 the young of larger kinds ; even if they should prove to be such, 

 however, they will be none the less interesting. Different forms 

 will be found in different localities. Thus the Etheostomata, or 

 Darters, and the Cotti, live under stones or among gravel, in 

 shallow, clear streams, lying flat on the ground. Others will be 

 dislodged by stirring under roots or shelving banks along the 

 water's edge. The Melanurce, or mud-fish (a few inches in length), 

 dwell in the mud of ditches, and are secured by stirring up this 

 mud into a thin paste with the feet, and then drawing a net 

 through it. The sticklebacks and cyprinodonts live along the 

 edges of fresh and salt water. The Zygonectes swim in pairs slowly 

 along the surface of the water, the tip of the nose generally ex- 

 posed. They generally have a broad black stripe on the side. By 

 a careful attention to these hints, many localities supposed to bo 

 deficient in species of fishes will be found to yield a large number. 



After the death of a mammal or bird, or after the skin has been 

 prepared a short time, lice will be seen on the surface, generally 

 near the head. These should be carefully preserved on small pa- 

 pers and marked, separately, with the name or number of the spe- 

 cimen to which they belong. 



The alcohol used on a march may be supplied with tartar emetic. 

 This, besides adding to its preservative power, will remove any 

 temptation to drink it on the part of unscrupulous persons. 



Insects, excepting the LepidoiAera^ and those covered witli hairs 



