268 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 



deeper tliaii long, the preopercle extending little forward, joining tbe 



mandible at a point rather behind the eye. Gill-rakers extremely long 



and sleuder, much longer than eye, about CO below the angle of the 



arch. Fins small. Dorsal much nearer snout than base of caudal. 



Head 4i; depth 3. D. 15; A. 21; Lat. 1. GO; ventral scutes 21 + 10. 



Atlantic coast of the United States; ascending rivers to spawn. One 



of the most important of our food-fish, xilso introduced on the Pacitic 



coast. 



(Wilson, Rees's Eucyclopedia: Alosa prwalabUis DeKay, New York Fauua, Fish. 255: 

 Alosa sajndissima of most late American writers.) 



123.— IIAKEMGULA Valenciennes. 



(Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xx, 277, 1847: type Harengula latulus Val.) 



Characters essentially those of the genus Clupea, except that the 

 scales are firm, adherent, and regularly arranged. (Latin diminutive 

 of harenguSj herring.) 



447. H. peaisa-colSB Goode & Bean. 



Body deep, with projecting belly, formed much as in the shad. 

 Head very short. Scales of the back in front of dorsal with radiating 

 striae and sharj)ly serrated edges; other scales smooth, with irregular 

 but unarmed free margins; scales all marked with wavy lines, some- 

 times forming reticulations. Lower jaw rather long, maxillary ex- 

 tending beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small, inconspicuous in the 

 jaws. A large patch of asperities on the tongue. Gill-rakers fine, close 

 set, shorter than the eye, about 50 below the angle. Eye large, longer 

 than snout, 3 in head. Head 4; depth 3. D. 10; A. 17; Lat. 1. 40; 

 scutes 12 behind ventrals. Pensacola, Fla. {Goode cfc Bean.) 



{Harengula pensacolas Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 152.) 



124.— OPISTHONEMA Gill. 



Thread Herring. 



(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1861, 37: type Clupea thrissa Osbeck.) 



Characters essentially those of Harengula^ except that the last ray of 

 the dorsal is produced in a long filament as in Dorosoma. {o-ktOs^ be- 

 hind; v/;,aa, a thread.) 



448. O. thi-issa (Osbeck) Gill. 



Bluish above; silvery below ; an indistinct bluish shoulder-spot ; each 

 scale on the back with a dark spot, these forming longitudinal streaks. 

 Body oblong, compressed. Belly atrougly serrate. Tongue with minute 

 teeth. Jaws toothless ; lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary reach- 



