64 COMPOSITiE. 



conical or cylindraceous ; the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes of 

 the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Style-brauches of disk-flowers witli eitlier truucate 

 or subulate tips. Akenes wiugless or nearly so ; of the ray obconipressed-triquetrous, of 

 the disk much compressed. Pappus when present of erect awns or chaffy teeth. Leaves 

 mostly sessile and rays showy. 



85. SAN VITAL I A. Involucre short aud broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts. Re- 

 ceptacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit ; its chaffy bracts concave or partly 

 conduplicate. Ligules (entire or 2-toothed at apex) often short and small. Disk-corollas 

 with glabrous lobes. Style-branches of disk-flowers truucate or capitellate at tip. Akenes 

 either all or the exterior tliick-walled ; of the ray commonly 3-sided, aud the angles produced 

 into as many thick and rigid divergent awns or horns ; those of the disk often heterogeneous, 

 from compressed-quadrangular to flat, some usually wing-margined, the pappus of one or 

 two slender awns or teeth or none. Leaves commonly petioled. 



* * Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akeues not compressed. 



86. HELIOPSIS. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts, the outer 

 herbaceous. Keccptacle from high-convex to conical ; the pointless chaffy bracts partly 

 embracing the disk-flowers. Ligules large, oblong or narrower : disk-corollas glabrous. 

 Style-branches tipjjed with a very short conical hirsute appendage. Akenes short aud thick, 

 obtusely 4-augular, or in the ray somewhat triangular, with broad truucate summit, wholly 

 destitute of pappus, or sometimes with the annular border 1-4-dentate. 



99. BALSAMORRHIZA § Kalliactis also has persistent ligules! 



Subtribe V. Verbesikb.e. Eay-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or not 

 rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and persistent on the fruit (with one 

 exception), but sometimes marcescent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile (or 

 some of the iinier often failing to produce fruit), subtended and sometimes enwrapped 

 by the bracts of the receptacle. Anthers often blackish. Akenes various but those 

 of the disk never obcom pressed : pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns 

 from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or, of some squamellte, or of a few stout (but not 

 capillary) bristles, or none. Leaves either opposite or alternate. 



* Involucre 4- rarely 5-lobed and foliaceous, valvate and saliently 4-5-angled in tlie bud : 

 akenes short and thick : pappus when present pluripaleaceous in the manner of 

 Ilelenioidete. 



87. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers few or several, fertile. 

 Principal involucre membrauaceo-foliaceous, spreading in anthesis ; the 4 or 5 broadly ovate 

 bracts connate at base; within are 6 to 15 small chaffy bracts subtending ray-flowers, and 

 similar to the thin-membranaccous and nervose lanceolate chaffy bracts of the at length coni- 

 cal receptacle. Ligules with short tube or almost nearly sessile, 5-8-nerved : disk-corollas 

 with elongated cylindraceous tliroat, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hisjud 

 above, and tij)ped with a rather long acute or acuminate appendage. Akenes more or less 

 4-sided, with a broad flat summit, destitute of pappus, or with a crown of numerous chaffy 

 squamelltB. Leaves opposite. 



* * Involucre of several or numerous distinct bracts. 

 -1— Bracts of the receptacle permanently investing the akenes as an indurated accessory 

 covering. 



88. SCLEROCARPUS. Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers several, neutral. In- 

 volucre of rather few more or less herbaceous bracts, the outer loose and spreading. 

 Receptacle convex or conical; its at length coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts closely invest- 

 ing the akenes and falling away with them by an articulation. Disk-corollas 4-5-cleft : 

 style-l>ranches mostly with subulate appendages. Akenes smooth, oblong or obovoid : pappus 

 a short crown or ring, or none. Branching herbs. 



■i— -i— Bracts of the receptacle mostly reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles subtending 

 the naked akenes. 



89. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers numerous, small and short, fertile. In- 

 volucre broad, of one or two series of herbaceous bracts. Pecejitacle nearly flat. Disk- 

 corollas 4-toothed, rarely 5-toothed ; their style-branches with short obtuse or triangular tips. 



