COMPOSITE. 81 



or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anthers wholly 

 exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base ; the tips triangular-lanceolate. 

 Stvle-branches flattish, tlie truncate and minutely peuicillato tips terminated by a very 

 short and low obtuse cone. Akenes terete, short, obscurely .5-nerved, from extremely long- 

 villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long 

 bristles, white or whitisli. 

 ^ 1- — i— Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous ecjual bracts (with 



or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or in some species of Cacalia of 



few bracts and few-flowered : ours herbs, the flowers all fertile : heads either homogamous 



or heterogamous with ligulate rays. 

 ■H- Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition tu 



Hdemoidea .) 



190. RAILLARDELLA. Heads 1.5-many-flowered (fewer-flowered only in depauperate 

 plants), homogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cyliudraceous or eampanulate, a single 

 series of liuear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below tlie middle, or not manifestly 

 overlapping. Receptacle flat. Hay -flowers (when 'present) with irregular and cuneate 

 deeply 3-4-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with ratlier short proper tube, elongated and 

 narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teeth. Style-appendages flattish, his- 

 pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tip.s. Akenes linear, somewhat terete, 

 obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. I'ajipus of 12 to 25 ecjual aristiform but soft and 

 plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas 



++ ++ Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scaln-ous to 

 barbellate : leaves chiefly opposite. 



191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. 

 Involucre eampanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate .at base, of several tiiin-herbaceous oblong- 

 lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series, lleeeptacle flat, 

 sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated 

 hir.sute tube, a funnelform or cyliudraceous throat, 5-lobed at summit. Style-brauches 

 flattish, at least above, there hirsute, witli obtuse or acute tips. Akenes liuear, more or less 

 5-10-costate or angled. 



++ 4H- ++ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles : style- 

 branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and ofteu bearing a bearded ring at tip, which 

 sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone : leaves in our genera 

 all alternate. 



1 92. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous 

 and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk .5-tootiied, occasion- 

 ally 5-lobed. 



193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or numerous. 

 Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually with a 

 midnerve. 



194. ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered : numerous outer 

 flowers female ; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tulndar ; tliose of the 

 female flowers filiform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-toothed summit ; of the 

 hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tul)e and short cyathiform 4-5-lobed limb Recep- 



' tacle flat, naked. Bristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish or 

 yellowish. 



Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEiE. Heads lioniogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all her- 

 maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes 

 long and narrow ; or sometimes radiatiform (falsely radiate) and heterogamous by 

 enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowei's, which are commonly neutral. 

 Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly flat or convex, often fimbrillate or 

 densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con- 

 nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of 

 appendage, short, sometimes distinct or ])artlY so, more commonly united up to the 

 simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent 



6 



