Xll 



INTRODUCTION. 



Antennae: 1. Serrate; 2. Pectinate ; 3. Capitate (and also geniculate); 4, 5, 6, 7. Cla- 

 vate ; 8, 9. Lamellate; 10. Serrate (Dorcatoma) ; 11. Irregular (Gyrinus) ; 12. Two-jointed 

 antenna of Adranes coecus. 



Mouth. — The mouth of Coleoptera is mandibulate ; that is to 

 say, it possesses two pairs of horizontally moving pieces for the 

 purpose of seizing the food. Above it is seen a small piece arti- 

 culating with the front or epistoma, which is called the upper lip, 

 or labrum. 



Immediately below the labrum are the jaws, or mandibles; 

 they are of various shapes, but are generally curved and of mode- 

 rate size ; exceptionally, in certain Lucanida3, they are very long 

 and branched, like the antlers of a deer ; at other times, as in 

 certain Scarabrsidas, they are very small and partly membranous. 

 The form of the joint between the mandibles and the head varies 

 somewhat, and has been used by Duval for the purpose of defining 

 some genera of Buprestidse. 



Below the mandibles is a second pair of horizontally moving 

 pieces, called maxillae; they are complex in structure, and are of 

 great moment in classification, and therefore demand a special 

 paragraph. 



Maxilla. — The hind portion or base of the maxillae is com- 

 posed of two pieces ; the one articulating with the head is called 

 the cardo, the second piece the stipes ; attached to the stipes are 

 the appendages, which are normally two lobes and one maxillary 

 palpus ; the lobes are varied in form, according to the families 

 and genera, and sometimes one or the other is so small as to be 

 indistinct ; the outer lobe is occasionally, as in Cicindelida?, Cara- 



