THE VARIETIES OP THE HUMAN SPECIES. 4/ 



The sixteen human varieties above described I have deter- 

 mined, after observations of more than 3500 crania, principally 

 from the Mediterranean, prehistoric tombs, and modern Russia, 

 the crania of the Kourgans, and irom some ancient cemeteries in 

 Moscow and the Chersonesus, and from Melanesia, I can afftrm 

 nothing of the entire number of human varieties, nor of their dis- 

 tribution, before making new and direct personal observations in 

 the rest of Europe and in other parts of the world; I wait in confi- 

 dence and with the earnest desire of making such observations. 

 I affirm with some personal satisfaction that, as regards the new 

 anthropological method, I have surmounted its uncertainties. 

 The number of varieties has been much reduced, and they are 

 separated by definite and recognizable characteristics. 



I cannot affirm that new varieties may not be found even in the 

 Mediterranean field, where I have chiefly extended my researches. 

 If they sliould be found they would be few, and probably brought 

 from other localities. 



11. ■ 



Siibvarieties. 



Though the number of varieties which I have until now deter- 

 mined in the Mediterranean and Russia, together with some from 

 Melanesia, is limited to sixteen only, the subvarieties are much 

 more numerous. Subvarieties should first of all preserve the 

 characteristics of the variety of which they are a variation, and 

 should have some other characteristic, which must not be transi- 

 tory and individual, but fixed and hereditary. Groups of sub- 

 varieties must constitute real groups; the variety is the principal 

 denomination of characteristics common to many subvarieties, 

 which add to the primary or dominant characteristic one or several 

 new characteristics which separate the subvai'ieties from each 

 other, as the following scheme exhibits: 



Variety: A. 



Subvariety : A -f- a, A -[- b, A + c, A -|- d, and so on. 



While the characteristic A gives the name to the variety, the 

 less general characteristics a, b, c, d give the subvarieties of A. 



