ALUMINUM. 177 



In the second experiment the AICI3 contained traces of iron. Reject- 

 ing this experiment, the remaining six give a mean of 41.344, ± .007. 

 These data give a value for Al approximating to 27.5, and were for 

 many years regarded as satisfactory. It now seems jDrobable that the 

 chloride contained traces of an oxy-compound, which would tend to 

 raise the atomic weight. 



In 1879 Terrell * published a new determination of the atomic weight 

 under consideration, based upon a direct comparison of the metal with 

 hydrogen. Metallic aluminum, contained in a tube of hard glass, was 

 heated strongly in a current of dry hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen was 

 set free, and was collected over a strong solution of caustic potash. 

 0.410 grm. of aluminam thus were found equivalent to 508.2 cc, or 

 .045671 grm. of hydrogen. Hence Al = 26.932. 



About a year after Terrell's determination appeared, the lower value 

 for aluminum was thoroughly confirmed by J. W. Mallet. f After giving 

 a full resume of the work done by others, exclusive of Isnard, the author 

 describes his own experiments, which may be summarized as follows : 



Four methods of determination Avere employed, each one simple and 

 direct, and at the same time independent of the others. First, pure 

 ammonia alum was calcined, and the residue of aluminum oxide was 

 estimated. Second, aluminum bromide was titrated with a standard 

 solution of silver. Third, metallic aluminum was attacked by caustic 

 soda, and the hydrogen evolved was measured. Fourth, hydrogen was 

 set free by aluminum, and weighed as water. Every weight was care- 

 fully verified, the verification being based upon the direct comparison, 

 by J. E. Hilgard, of a kilogramme weight with the standard kilogramme 

 at Washington. The specific gravity of each piece was determined, and 

 also of all materials and vessels used in the weighings. During each 

 weighing both barometer and thermometer were observed, so that every 

 result represents a real weight in vacuo. 



The ammonium alum used in the first series of experiments was 

 specially pre[)ared, and was absolutely free from ascertainable impuri- 

 ties. The salt was found, however, to lose traces of water at ordinary 

 temperatures— a circumstance which tended towards a slight elevation 

 of the apparent atomic weight of aluminum as calculated from the 

 weighings. Two sets of exjDeriments were made with the alum ; one 

 upon a sample air-dried for two hours at 21°-25°, the other upon mate- 

 rial dried for twenty-four hours at 19°-26°. These sets, marked A and 

 B respectively, differ slightly, B being the less trustworthy of the two, 

 judged from a chemical standpoint. Mathematically it is the better of 

 the two. Calcination was effected with a great vtyiety of precautions, 

 concerning which the original memoir must be consulted. To Mallet's 

 weighings I append the percentages of AI2O3 deduced from them : 



* Bulletin de la Soc. Chimique, 31, 153. 

 t Phil. Trans., 1880, p. 1003. 

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