374 Professor E. B. Poulton [March 5, 



that bear them must separately endure the necessary waste of hfe or 

 mutilation. When two patterns are similar the two species share the 

 "waste between them, instead of each suffering it independently. 

 Thus " Miillerian Mimicry " is not mimicry at all in Bates' sense. 

 It is rather " common warning colours," or " synaposematic resem- 

 blance." The mimicry of Bates has been defined, on. the same 

 system of terminology, as " false warning colours," or " pseudapose- 

 matic resemblance." 



That these two kinds of mimicry exist is admitted by nearly all 

 naturalists who have paid attention to the subject, but there is much 

 difference of opinion as to their relative extent and as to the position 

 of particular examples in the category of Bates or the category of 

 Miiller. On these subjects there has been much controversy, 

 Dixey and Poulton upholding the relative importance of Miillerian and 

 Ouy Marshall supporting the predominance of Batesian Mimicry. 



In this controversy attention has been devoted to two lines of 

 evidence. (1) Diaposematic Resemblance, or " Reciprocal Mimicry," 

 originally suggested, but not Avorked out in detail, by Fritz Miiller, 

 and chiefly developed in later years by Dixey. Controversy has 

 here turned upon the correct interpretation of the patterns believed 

 to have originated in reciprocal mimicry. (2) Secondary Mimicry, 

 or the mimicry of a mimic, rather than of the primary model. 



In the meantime, increase in our knowledge has been progressing 

 at a rapid rate, especially in Africa, w^here English naturalists, fol- 

 lowing the example of Roland Trimen, have been working at these 

 problems for many years. We owe nearly all our recent knowledge 

 to nine naturalists working in various parts of the continent : — 

 <x. D. Hale Carpenter, on the islands and shores of the north-west 

 Victoria Xyanza ; W. A. Lamborn, in the Lagos and Ibadan districts 

 of Southern Nigeria ; G. F. Leigh, in the Durban district of Xatal ; 

 "G. A. K. Marshall, in Natal and in. S. Rhodesia ; the late A. D. Millar, 

 in the Durban district ; S. A. Xeave, in N. Rhodesia, Katanga, 

 British C. Africa, German and British E. Africa, and Uganda : Rev. 

 K. St. Aubyn Rogers, in British E. Africa ; C. F. M. Swynnerton, in 

 S.E. Rhodesia ; C. A. Wiggins, in the Entebbe district of Uganda. 

 Nearly the whole of the results bearing on the theory of mimicry, 

 discovered by these naturalists, will be found in the Transactions 

 and Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. 



While this work has been going on in the field, three museums 

 at home have been engaged upon the material supplied — the British 

 Museum of Natural History, the Hope Department of the Oxford 

 University Museum, and the Tring Zoological Museum. 



It is only possible in a single lecture, and that rigidly limited to 

 one hour, to direct attention to some of the most striking results 

 that have been obtained. 



Roland Trimen originally showed, in 1870, that a swallow-tailed 

 butterfly, Papilio dardanus (merojje), represented in Madagascar by a 



