SYLLABUS DER PFLANZENFAMILIEN. 405 



general, and ScJiizophycecB or the simple blue-green algae {Ci/ano- 

 phycecB) of most text-books. The second subsection is the Flagel- 

 latm ; the third, EuphijcecB, comprises the remaining algae (eight 

 classes) ; and the fourth, Eumi/cetes, the Fungi in four classes, 

 Phycomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, with a * nebenklasse ' 

 Lichenes, and Laboulbeniomycetes. Section III. Embryophyta 

 ZoiDioGAMA, the archegoniate plants, has the two subsections 

 Bryophyta and Pteridophyta with the usual subdivisions ; and 

 Section IV. Embryophyta Siphonogama, are the seed-plants with the 

 old subsections, indicated by Robert Brown, of GymnospermcB and 

 AngiospermcB. 



The generally recognized orders of Gymnosperms figure as 

 classes, comparable with the two great classes of Angiosperms. 

 Thus the former comprise six classes, Cycadales, Bennettitales, 

 Cordaitales, Ginkgoales, Coniferae, and Gnetales ; the latter two, 

 Monocotyledonae, and Dicotyledonae. This view emphasizes the 

 striking differences between the known types of Gymnosperms as 

 compared with Angiosperms. The arrangement of the latter is 

 based on that of Eichler, with certain modifications, many of which 

 are the outcome of the work of the last ten years represented in 

 the Pflanzevfamilien. Class I. Monocotyledons is arranged in eleven 

 series as follows : — 



1. Pandanales (Typhaceae, Pandanaceae, Sparganiaceae). 



2. Helobm (Fluviales) (Potamogetonaceae and allied orders, Alis- 



maceae, Hydrocharideae). 



3. Triuridales. 



4. GliiimfiorcB (Gramineae, Cyperace^). 



5. Pr'incipes (Palmae). 



6. Synantha, (Cyclanthacese). 



7. SpathiflorcB (Araceae, Lemnaceae). 



8. Farinosm (Restiaceae, Eriocaulaceae, &c. ; Bromeliace^, Com- 



melinacese, Pontederiaceae, &c.). 



9. Liliifiora (Juncaceae, Liliace^e, Amaryllidace^, Taccacese, 



Dioscoreaceae, Iridaceae). 



10. ScitaiuinecB. 



11. Microspermm (Burmanniacese, Orchidaceae). 



We see here an attempt to arrange as far as possible in linear 

 series the orders of Monocotyledons, starting with those in which 

 the flowers are extremely simple and irregular or indefinite in the 

 number of their parts, as is generally the case in the first three 

 series. In Glumifiorae the number of parts is generally small and 

 definite, with the flowers naked. The next three series form a 

 group in which a simple perianth is the rule, or its absence may be 

 explained by redaction, while there is also a marked tendency to 

 fixity of number of the stamens and carpels. The remaining four 

 series are characterized by the pentacyclic trimeroas flowers, which 

 we have learnt to regard as the "typical" monocotyledons. In 

 series 8 and 9 hypogyny and actinomorphy prevail; in series 10 and 

 11 epigyny and zygomorphy. Dicotyledons are arranged in two sub- 

 classes : Archichlamyde* with twenty-six series, andMetachlamyde^ 

 or Sympetalae with eight. In the former, Casuarina stands first as 



