36 Journal of the Department of Agriculture. — July, 1922. 



be paid to laying the foundation of the trees by cvitting back to 

 form a cup or vase shaped tree with several low branches to protect 

 the main stem from the sun. 



The sun shining- on the bark, especially the north and north- 

 Avest side of the main stem, seems to heat up the sap in the cambium, 

 layer and to cause cracking. Then the sun opens out these cracks 

 gradually, and the whole of that side of the stem dies. The cracking 

 spreads up to the branches on the side of the tree affected causing 

 them to die back, leaving an unsymmetrical specimen. Growers; 

 frequently attribute this to the work of pests of various kinds. 



When a tree is very bad with sun ficald very little can be done 

 with it, and the best advice is to uproot it and plant another. If 

 only slightly damaged, the tree can be cut back below the scalding 

 and grafted over if the stock is suitable for this purpose. 



New Feeding Stuffs. — \'arious by-products useful as concen- 

 trated feeding stuffs for live stock are now appearing on the market 

 in increasing numbers. The more recent are cotton seed and linseed 

 cake, and various maize by-products such as maize oil cake. South 

 African rations in areas where lucerne is not grown to any exteni 

 are notoriously deficient in protein, and the production of these 

 feeding stuffs in larger qviantities is an encouraging sign that 

 farmers are now devoting more attention to the all-important 

 question of balanced rations. It seems necessary to emphasize, 

 even at the risk of repetition, that if a ration is deficient in protein, 

 the constituents present are not utilized economically, and a certain 

 proportion of the food is then fed to waste. 



Experimental Results. — An experiment was carried out at Glen 

 during the past season to determine the relative effect of various 

 methods of treatment of giving crops, viz., cultivation, harrowing, 

 weeding, moisture tests being taken in conjunction with the records 

 of weight of crop harvested. Owing to the insufficiency of the rain- 

 fall — no rain of value having fallen after the middle of January — 

 the plants in the test plots did not properly mature, and the results 

 therefore were not as complete as hoped. Two plots, however, gave 

 outstanding results, viz., the fallow plots contained nearly as much" 

 moisture as the plots under crop, and the plots neither weeded nor 

 cultivated in any way after the seed was planted gave about 25 

 per cent, lower yield than the plots to which attention was given. 



Exhibit at Frankfort Show. — An innovation was made this 

 season by sending a small exhibit of cereals and feeding stuffs and 

 of demonstration experiments in soils and fertilizers and feeding 

 stuffs to the Frankfort Show, with the chemist in charge to explain 

 matters and answer questions. The plan was thoroughly justified, 

 the exhibit not only attracting considerable interest, but the visitors 

 to the show plied numerous questions, and the feature as a whole 

 excited very favourable comment from all concerned. It is felt that 

 an extension of this work should be made as far as circumstances 

 permit. 



At the small shows the attractions are more frequently too few 

 than too numerous, and the visitors are willing to learn and, further, 

 have plenty of opportunity for so doing. As a feature of extension 

 work, the exhibit at country shows deserves to be extended. 



