\N^AGANA AND THE TaRTAR EmETIC TREATMENT. 251 



Method of Securing the Patient.— Ks tartar emetic produces 

 necrosis and abscess formation when injected under the skin, it is 

 necessary that an animal be securely held for the operation. Should 

 even a few drops collect under the skin, a swelling- will form. For 

 this reason it is advisable to cast all subjects, but an experienced 

 inoculator may succeed in performing the operation in the standing 

 position. The usual method of throwing bovines or equines is to have 

 four natives, one standing at the head, another holding a riem which 

 has been placed about the fore limbs just above the fetlock joint. The 

 third, standing on the same side as the second boy, grasps a riem 

 attached in the same way around the hind limbs, and the fourth 

 native, placed on the opposite side of the animal, holds o riem wliich 

 has been fastened about the trunk of the animal, passing under the 

 belly and over the loins. On a given signal all pull simultaneously, 

 giving a slow but sure tug which causes the animal to fall with as 

 little effort as possible. The fore and hind limbs are next approxi- 

 mated and tied together, enabling one man to hold these. The riem 

 around the body is next removed, and the two boys thus made avail- 

 able grasp and so steady the withers and loins. It is recommended 

 that a log be placed under the neck so as to increase the prominence 

 of the jugular vein. In the case of the dog, it is held down on its 

 side and the hind limb nearest the ground is relaxed and pressure 

 is applied in the groin. This has the effect of making the vein 

 conspicuous and the injection is facilitated. 



Method of Inoculation of Drug. — After thoroughly v^ashing the 

 seat of inoculation with brush, soap, and water, the vein is made 

 prominent by pressure, at the base of the neck in the case of the 

 jugular vein, and in the groin as stated above for injection into the 

 saphena vein of the dog. The needle of the syringe (which is kept 

 aseptic in a dish of boiling water) is then introduced under the skin 

 immediately above the vein, its point being directed downwards and 

 backwards. As soon as the operator is satisfied with the position of 

 the needle, he plunges it into the vein immediately below, and, if 

 successful, blood issues at once. The syringe containing the solution 

 is next attached to the needle and the contents slowly injected into 

 the vein. When the syringe is empty, remove it and again cause 

 blood to flow from the needle. This has the effect of removing all 

 traces of tartar emetic from the inside of the needle, so that when 

 it is withdrawn no material is deposited under the skin. Other points 

 which may seem simple, but are of practical importance, are — 



{a) do not have a needle with a long point, for unless one is 

 sure that the needle is well into the vein, accidents may 

 happen, e.g. blood may flow from the needle, yet only 

 three-quarters of the point is actually in the vein, and 

 when tartar emetic is being injected a quantity of the 

 liquid may escape into the surrounding tissues ; 

 {h) do not use the same needle to fill the syringe from the 

 bottle and then immediately afterwards to introduce it 

 under the skin. First place it in boiling water to remove 

 all traces of tartar emetic or, better still, have at least two 

 needles. 

 . (c) If a needle containing blood is placed into boiling water, 

 there is a tendencv for the blood to coagulate and so reduce 



