408 KAMAKICHI KISHmOUTE: 



elongated scales, except iu Sarda. Head elongated witli a long snout. Mouth 

 large, and wide, tlio maxillary extending teyond the hinder margin of the eye. 

 Eyes generally small. Posterior margin of the upper jaw, or tliat of the jugal 

 in the strict sense, is more or less rounded, as the supplementary lx)ue is well 

 developed. Teeth iu jaws are in one row only. They are large, curved inward, 

 and compressed with trenchant edges. Tongue large, roimded, convex, but the 

 glossohyal is comparatively small and nai'row. 



Corselet small, more or less distinct, but its scales are not much specialised. 

 Scales small, generally cycloid, and often concealed under the skin. Sometimes 

 scales disappear entirely outside of the corselet, lateral line, and caudal i»duncle. 

 Lateral line sinuous, particularly in the posterior portion of the body, and 

 the line is often furnished with many minute branches (figs 31, 32, 35, 61). 



Fins generally small, especially ventrals, but the caudal fin is compara- 

 tively lai'ge. Fin-rays are not transversely articulated in the adult fi.sh. Pecto- 

 rals are comparatively small. First dorsal low and long, gradually descend- 

 ing posteriorly, aoid its spines are rather weak. First doi-sal has generally a 

 straight or more or less convex outline, except in Acanfhocylium. The first 

 spine of the first doi-sal is shorter and weaker than some following spines. 

 There is scarcely an interspace between the fii-st and second dorsal, and the 

 latter is generally a little higher tlian the first dorsal, except iu Grammcdarcyrms 

 and Acanihoci/Livm. 



Peritoneum more or less dusky. Stomach, long and narrow, with 12-30 

 longitudinal folds inside. Pyloras opens very near the cardiac jwrtion ; it is 

 long, naiTow, descending, and communicates with a uiiirow opening at the ven- 

 tral side near the distal end. Duodenum curved or twisted, enlarged with two or 

 more branching pyloric tubes high at the posterior side, disposed more or less in a 

 whorl roimd the intestine. Pyloric coeca at the end of the terminal branch vi 

 these tubes branch dendi'itically. Intestine is often very long and bent several 

 times. 



Skeleton is generally s^XJUgy, hght, and more or less fragile. It is 

 more or less solid in Acwdhocyhivm and quite firm in Gymnosarda. Skull 

 elongated, with low and weak occipital ciests. Vomer is genenUly flat, more 

 or less produced, and covered with villifoiiu teetli, except in Sarda and 

 .Oymnosarda. Anterior lateral corner of the ethmoid is more or less produced. 



