2278 Journal of Applied Microscopy 



In the study of botany and zoology three lines of work should be carried on. 

 First — Field work, including, 



1. Work conducted by the teacher outside the school building in the 

 woods, fields, and parks. 



2. Work carried on by the individual pupils and reported to the teacher 

 for suggestions and assistance. 



Second- — Laboratory work, including, 



1. The study of living plants and animals in the school room. 



2. The study of prepared specimens, dissections, and microscopic slides. 



3. The careful dissection of a few important types. 



4. Careful drawing and descriptions of specimens should be made. 

 Third — Recitation work, including, 



1. A consideration of the facts observed in the field and laboratory. 



2. A consideration of important plants and animals related to the types 

 already studied. 



3. A consideration of the elementary facts and principles relating to the 

 classification of plants and animals. 



4. Written descriptions of some of the specimens studied. 



The five periods per week given to biology should be divided as nearly 

 equally as possible between laboratory and recitation work. 



FIRS 7^ YEAR— First Half {Term I). 

 BOTANY. 

 Required topics : I, II, III, IV, VII. 

 Optional topics : V, VI. 



For first year pupils, the study of botany should include such simple chemical 

 and physical experiments as are necessary for the understanding of plant life. 



I. Seeds and Seedlings. 



Topics : Monocotyledons, dicotyledons, gymnosperms ; kinds of food 

 stored, determined by experimental tests: conditions of germination; the 

 development of the elements in the embryo into organs of the seedling. 



II. Root. 



Topics : General structural characteristics : secondary roots, root hairs, 

 root cap, and growing point ; raw food material, osmosis, movements of sap, 

 storage of food ; arrangement of tissues. 



III. Shoot. 

 1. Stem. 



Topics : External features ; arrangement of branches ; modifications in 

 form to fit environment ; underground stems ; tissue arrangement in mono- 

 cotyledons and dicotyledons ; functions of stems. 

 •1. Bud. 



Topics : Relation of buds to the formation of branches ; kinds of buds ; 

 bud protection ; vernation. 

 3. Leaf. 



Topics : Structure : comparison of monocotyledons and dicotyledons in 

 leaf and stem ; leaf arrangement and light relations ; transpiration ; raw 

 food material, photosynthesis, digestion, assimilation : respiration ; fall of 

 leaf. 



