180 



Journal of the Department of Agriculture. 



and secondary arms. The fruit-producing' area is doubled, because 

 fruit-bearing' wood is encouraged inside as well as on the outside of 

 the trees. Protection from sun is given to the centre by an abundance 

 of healthy foliage due to free circulation of air and light. The stem 

 is short, and, after the second season's growth, sufficient shade has 

 developed around the trees to prevent sun-scald of the stems, thus 

 removing a source of anxiety to which the grower of untrained trees 

 is liable. During tlie growing season following after planting, it is 

 desirable that the growth of the young trees should be interfered with 



Fiu. 3.—" Heading back." 



as little as possible. After the three shoots have been selected 1o form 

 the main arms and other superfluous growths have been rublied off, 

 an abundance of healthy foliage is necessary for the development of 

 root and top. Suckers, of course, must always be removed, as these 

 rob the tree of nourishment. It is as well to arrange that the seJccted 

 growths do not start from the stem too close to one another, as weak- 

 ness would be produced at this point. Some varieties, especially 

 amongst apples and pears, often fail at the outset: to push out three 

 well-spaced growths, and in such cases it will be necessary to pinch 



