532 Journal of the Department of Agriculture. 



parasitic fungus threads, some of which can he seen penetrating tiie 

 leaf-cell walls, d is the lower epidermis which has been ruptured by 

 the growth of the parasite, and e are the spores, each of which is 

 borne on a fairly long stalk. (Magnification about 8U diameters.) 



The disease can be checked in slightly affected plants by gather- 

 ing and burning diseased leaves. Very badly attacked plants should 

 be burned. Spraying healthy plants with bordeaux mixture would 

 probably be of aid in preventing infection. 



True Co-operation at Kopjes. 



In the course of the very interesting and instructive 1920 report* 

 of the Land Bank, the following instance of success following true 

 co-operation among the settlers at Kopjes is given: — 



" The dairy live stock society established amongst the settlers at 

 Kopjes has proved probably the most interesting of any of the co- 

 operative ventures financed by this bank. 



" It was established during January, 1917, but did not commence 

 active business until July of that year. Only fifteen selected settlers 

 were admitted to membership, each of whom was supplied with five 

 cows, whilst, in addition, two bulls were purchased ; the cost to each 

 member being £80. 



" It must be borne in mind that the members were not strong 

 financially (the security necessary to warrant an advance being made 

 was forthcoming by Mr. J. W. Moor, M.L.A., and two or three others 

 joining the society), so that it was necessary to arrange terms of repay- 

 ment in such a Wd,y that the earnings of the cows themselves would be 

 more than sufficient to cover the instalments. With this object in 

 view, it was agreed that only 10 per cent, of the capital would be 

 repayable during the first year, *5 per cent, during the second year, 

 20 per cent, during the third year, 25 per cent, during the fourth year, 

 and 30 per cent, during the fifth year. Practice has shown that the 

 members are able more easily to meet the heavier instalments with 

 the advance of time than the comparatively small amount which was 

 payable during the first year. The original 75 cows have increased 

 to about 230. 



" The Board desires to guard against the danger of creating 

 the impression tliaf the lot of the average poor settler will be 

 materially improved by the simple method of putting him in posses- 

 sion of dairy live stock. That is not so, for the experience gained 

 at Kopjes goes to show that it was the factor of true co-operation, the 

 feeling of a real community of interest, and the rigid supervision 

 exercised by members over their co-members that made the KoDJes 

 society, which was regarded as a doubtful experiment, an unqualified 

 success." 



*" Report of the Laud and Agricultural Bauk of South Africa, for the year ended 

 31st December, 1920." (U.G. 9— '21.) Government Printer. Price 4s. 6d. 



