L I T T lU N A. 



Plate I. 



'y. 



■VX 



Gemis LITTORINA, Fenmac. 

 Ttsta turhinatu, conico-ovata, vel snbglobosa, plenimqno so- 

 Uda, raro umhilicaia ; spird sapissime hreviusculd, 

 acuta; anfractibus aut lavibus aut Uneari-sulcatk, 

 inferne interdum tenuicarinatis ; aperturd subcircu- 

 lari, columelld scepe plus minus lad excavatd. Oper- 

 culum corneum, pyriformi-circulare. 

 Shell turbinated, conically ovate, or subglobose, generally 

 solid, rarely urabilicated ; spire generally rather short, 

 sharp ; whorls either smooth or linear-grooved, some- 

 times thinly keeled at the lower part; aperture nearly 

 circular, columella often more or less broadly exca- 

 vated. Operculum horny, pyriformly circular. 

 The Littoriiue or Periwinkles are a group of turbinated 

 shells, mostly small, inhabiting the sea-shore in all parts of 

 the world between tide-marks, or living on the branches of 

 trees within range of the spray. The few species known 

 to Lamarck were referred to his genera Turbo, Monodotita, 

 and Phadandla. De Ferussac first collected them into a 

 genus, taking the old Linnaean Turbo Uttoreus, or common 

 edible Periwinkle of our shores, as the type ; and Deshayes 

 described it in detail in his notes to the new edition of 

 the 'Animaux sans Verlebres.' In 1845 Dr. Philippi 

 examined the LMorina in Mr. Cuming's collection, de- 

 scribing twenty-one new species in the 'Proceedings of 

 the Zoological Society,' and published subsequently a mo- 

 nograph of the group in his ' Abbildungen,' in which a 

 hundred and twelve species are enumerated ; more how- 

 ever are set down there as species than we feel justified in 

 adopting. 



Of the genera into which the group has been further sub- 

 divided, the most natural is that section named Tectarius, 

 of which the LinuEean Turbo pagodus is the type. But we 

 have the authority of Deshayes and MM. Quoy and Gai- 

 raard for stating that its animal and horny operculum are 

 similar in all respects to the typical L. IMorea. 



It would be in vain to attempt to show any speciality of 

 geographical range in the LiUorinre. From Sitka in the 

 north to New Zealand and Valparaiso in the south they 

 are distributed along the shores both of the eastern and 

 western intermediate continents and islands. In their 

 natural habitats they generally represent tidal zones on the 

 rocks, and in Borneo and such swampy localities they live 

 commonly on the branches of tlie Mangrove-trees. 



Species 1. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.) 

 LiTTORlNA BUELATA. Lilt, testd oblique conic't, trockifor- 

 mi, crassd, imper/oratd, aurantio-lacted, fasciis fuscis 

 vel nigricante-griseis cingulatd, transversim rugoso- 

 striatd, el papillosd, papillis nunc oblongis et plus mi- 

 nus obsoletis, nunc ecMnatis, pi'ominentibus, et mnne- 



The bubbled Littobina. Shell obliquely conical, tro- 

 chus-shaped, thick, imperforated, orange-eream- 

 colour, sometimes encircled with brown or blackish- 

 grey bands, transversely roughly striated and papil- 

 lose, papillae sometimes oblong, and more or less ob- 

 solete, sometimes prickly, prominent, and numerous.^ 

 kErwhuHnillntus, Martyn, Universal Conchologist, pi. 38. 

 j _Tja)c}i.m grandi>uilus, Chemnitz. 

 Monodonta papillosa, Lamarck. 

 LMorina papillosa, Deshayes. 

 Tectarius papillosus, Adams. 

 Eab. Zanzibar, North Australia, and New Zealand. 



The varieties of this extremely variable species are dis- 

 tinguished by Philippi in his ' Abbildungen ' as vars. ele- 

 gans, quadriseriata, rustica, subinermis, and vera. The 

 division is but an artificial one, though characteristic of as 

 mauy typical states of the species. The differences con- 

 sist mainly in the development of the papillae-like nodules 

 of the shell, which may be observed in all gradations, from 

 prickly protuberances, to oblong, more or less obsolete, 

 compressed tubercles. ^ ,^\. 



Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) _, 'JT'^ (V't^ 

 LiTTORiNA coronaria. Lilt, lestd pyramidali-conicd, L' 

 crassd, imperforaid, laded, anfractibus superne con- 

 cavo-declivibus, subangulalis, strialis et carinatis, ca- 

 rinis undique muricato-nodulalis, columelld subcon- 

 tortd, basi crenatd. 

 Tin; garland Littorina. Shell pyramidally conical, 

 thick, imperforated, cream-coloured, whorls coucavely 

 slanting at the upper part, slightly angled, striated 

 and keeled, keels everywhere prickly noduled, colu- 

 mella somewhat twisted, notched at the base. 

 Monodonta coronaria, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. 

 p. 174. Enc. Me'th. pi. 447. f. 6. 

 Littorina coronaria, Philippi. 

 Echinella coronaria, Adams. 



,1^^ 



Ilab. Philippine Isli 

 1857. '• . 



lids ; Cuming. , . . \ 



