252 Dr. J. G. Garson [April 20, 



Kiver-drifts, but flat pebbles of quartzite are also found with part of 

 the natural smooth surface retained, while the rest is chipped and 

 fashioned into an implement. In the upper sub-stratum more highly 

 finished articles, which would point to a higher and probably a 

 different social condition later in time, are obtained. We have in 

 this higher substratum flints of a lanceolate form, trimmed flakes, 

 borers, and rounded hammer stones. These are of smaller size than 

 the earlier implements, and some of them had evidently been let into 

 handles of wood, Bone needles, with an eye bored at one end, bone 

 awls, scoops, and harpoons barbed on one or both sides made of deer's 

 antler are also met with. Of great importance are the representations 

 of animals which have been found incised on bone, as for example, 

 the portion of rib with the incised figure of a horse upon it, found in 

 this layer in Robin Hood Cave in Derbyshire. 



No portions of the human skeleton have been found in the 

 Palaeolithic stratum of British caves, except a single tooth. 



On the Continent many caves have been discovered in France, 

 Belgium, Germany and Switzerland, with similar deposits and 

 implements to those found in England, and showing also the same 

 two stages of culture. More numerous examples of figure carving 

 of the same type as that found in the Derbyshire cave, have been 

 obtained in French caves, and the teeth of carnivorous animals and 

 shells, both artificially bored for ornaments. 



By associating British and Continental evidence, we can form a 

 good idea of the mode of life of the Cave-dwellers of Palaeolithic times. 

 The caves gave him shelter in cold weather, from which he also pro- 

 tected himself by fires, and clothing made from the skins of animals 

 secured in the chase, sewn together by means of bone needles threaded 

 with shreds of the tendons of reindeer. Armed with flint-tipped spears, 

 and daggers of bone ornamented with carved handles representing the 

 chase, he lived by hunting the reindeer, the wild horse and the 

 bison ; he also lived on birds and fish, which he speared with barbed 

 harpoons. The game brought home was cut up with flint knives and 

 cooked, and the long bones were broken with heavy flints for the 

 marrow they contained, which was evidently considered a delicacy. 

 The manufacture of the flint implements he used when engaged in 

 the chase must have formed an important part of his work. The 

 ornamental carvings on bone which he frequently made show that 

 he was an artist of no mean order in depicting animals, but give us 

 little information regarding his own morphology, as they seldom 

 bear representations of himself — when they do, only his miniature 

 outlines are figured naked ; the carvings also show that he was in the 

 habit of wearing long gloves to cover his hands and arms. Probably, 

 he painted his body of a red colour, and ornamented himself with 

 perforated shells, pieces of bone, ivory and teeth. Like the River- 

 drift people he possessed no domestic animals, not even a dog to 

 assist him in hunting. 



In Continental caves human skeletons of this period have been 



