1896.] on Ludwig and Modern Physiology. 17 



more particularly those of Professor His * (Leipzig) ; of Professor 

 Kronecker f (Bern), who was for many years his coadjutor in the 

 Institute ; of Professor v. Fick J (Wiirzburg); of Professor v. Kries § 

 (Freiburg) ; of Professor Mosso || (Turin) ; of Professor Fano % 

 (Florence) ; of Professor Tigersteclt ** (Upsala) ; of Professor 

 Stirling,|f in England. With the exception of Fick, whose rela- 

 tions with Ludwig were of an earlier date, and of his colleague 

 in the Chair of Anatomy, all of these distinguished teachers were 

 at one time workers in the Leipzig Institute. All testify their love 

 and veneration for the master, and each contributes some striking 

 touches to the picture of his character. 



All Lud wig's investigations were carried out with his scholars. 

 He possessed a wonderful faculty of setting each man to work at 

 a problem suited to his talent and previous training, and this he 

 carried into effect by associating him with himself in some research 

 which he had either in progress or in view. During the early 

 years of the Leipzig period, all the work done under his direction 

 was published in the well-known volumes of the ' Arbeiten,' and 

 subsequently in the ' Archiv ftir Anat, und Physiologic' of du Bois- 

 Eeymond. Each " Arbeit " of the laboratory appeared in print under 

 the name of the scholar who co-operated with his master in its produc- 

 tion, but the scholar's part in the work done varied according to its 

 nature and his ability. Sometimes, as v. Kries says, he sat on the 

 window-sill while Ludwig, with the efficient helj) of his laboratory 

 assistant Salvenmoser, did the whole of the work. In all cases 

 Ludwig not only formulated the problem, but indicated the course 

 to be followed in each step of the investigation, calling the worker, 

 of course, into counsel. In the final working up of the results he 

 always took a principal part, and often wrote the whole paper. But 

 whether he did little or much, he handed over the whole credit of 

 the performance to his coadjutor. This method of publication has 

 no doubt the disadvantage that it leaves it uncertain what part each 

 had taken : but it is to be remembered that this drawback is 

 unavoidable whenever master and scholar work together, and is 

 outweighted by the many advantages which arise from this mode of 

 co-operation. The instances in which any uncertainty can exist in 



* His, "Karl Ludwig und Karl Thiersch. Akademische Gediichtuissrede," 

 Leipzig, 1895. 



t Kronecker, " Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig." ' Berliner kliu. 

 Wochensch.' 1895, no. 21. 



X A. Fick, "Karl Ludwig. Nachruf." ' Biographische Blatter,' Berlin, 

 vol. 1. pt, 3. 



§ V. Kries, " Carl Ludwig." Freiburg i. B. 1895. 



II Mosso, " Karl Ludwig." ' Die Nation,' Berlin, nos. 38, 39. 



•jf Fano, "Per Carlo Ludwig Commemorazione." ' Clinica Moderna,' 

 Florence, i. no. 7. 



** Tigerstedt, " Karl Ludwig. Denkrede." ' Biographische Blatter,' Berlin, 

 vol. i. pt. 3. 



tt Stirling, loc. cit. 



Vol. XV. (No. 90.) c 



