1896.] on Ludivig and Modern Physiology. 21 



that after the redecoration of the Gewandhaus concert-room, he was 

 for some time deprived of his accustomed pleasure in listening to 

 music. 



Ludwig's social characteristics can only be touched on here in so 

 far as they serve to make intelligible his wonderful influence as a 

 teacher. Many of his pupils at Leipzig have referred to the schone 

 Gemeinsamheit which characterised the life there. The harmonious 

 relation which, as a rule, subsisted between men of different education 

 and different nationalities, could not have been maintained had not 

 Ludwig possessed side by side with that inflexible earnestness which 

 he showed in all matters of work or duty, a certain yoiithfulness of 

 disposition which made it possible for men much younger than 

 himself to accept hig friendship. This sympathetic geniality was, 

 however, not the only or chief reason why Ludwig's pupils were the 

 better for having known him. There were not a few of them who for 

 the first time in their lives came into personal relation with a man 

 who was utterly free from selfish aims and vain ambitions, who was 

 scrupulously conscientious in all that he said and did, who was what 

 he seemed, and seemed what he was, and who had no other aim than 

 the advancement of his science, and in that advancement saw no 

 other end than the increase of human happiness. These qualities 

 displayed themselves in Ludwig's daily active life in the laboratory, 

 where he was to be found whenever work of special interest was 

 going on ; but still more when, as happened on Sunday mornings, he 

 was "at home "in the library of the Institute — the corner room in 

 which he ordinarily worked. Many of his " scholars " have put on 

 record their recollections of these occasions ; the cordiality of the 

 master's welcome, the wide range and varied interest of his conversa- 

 tion, and the ready appreciation with which he seized on anything that 

 was new or original in the suggestions of those present. Few men 

 live as he did, " im Ganzen, Guten, Sclwnen,'' and of those still fewer 

 know how to communicate out of their fulness to others. 



Tlie Old and the New Vitalism, 



Since the middle of the century the progress of Physiology has 

 been continuous. Each year has had its record, and has brought 

 with it new accessions to knowledge. In one respect the rate of 

 progress was more rapid at first than it is now, for in an unexplored 

 country discovery is relatively easy. In another sense it was slower, 

 for there are now scores of investigators for every one that could be 

 counted in 1840 or 1850. Until recently there has been throughout 

 this period no tendency to revert to the old methods — no new 

 departure — no divergence from the principles which Ludwig did so 

 much to enforce and exemplify. 



The wonderful revolution which the appearance of the ' Origin of 

 Species ' produced in the other branch of Biology, promoted the 



