404 Sir William Turner [March 26, 



material, and that consequently both groups of objects became asso- 

 ciated in the same grave. 



Additional light is thrown on the mixture of objects representing 

 different stages of culture in the same interment by a collection of 

 goods from the grave of an aboriginal Australian, buried about fifty 

 years ago, recently brought under my notice by Dr. E. Broom. Along 

 with the skeleton were found a clay pipe, an iron spoon, the remains 

 of a rusted pannikin, the handle of a pocket-knife, and a large 

 piece of flint. The handle of the knife, with its steel back, had 

 doubtless been used along with the flint for the purpose of obtaining 

 fire, as in Neolithic times a similar office was discharged by flint and 

 a nodule of pyrites. These accompaniments of the Australian inter- 

 ments show that men in a lower grade of culture and intellectual 

 power utilise, as opportunity offers, objects representing a much 

 higher civilisation. It is possible, therefore, that some of the mixed 

 interments ascribed to the Bronze Age may be the graves of Neolithic 

 men who, in conjunction with articles of their own manufacture, had 

 employed the material introduced by a bronze-using race, with whom 

 they had been brought in contact, and whose usages they had more 

 or less imitated. 



That the inhabitants of prehistoric Scotland were not a homo- 

 geneous people, but exhibited different types in their physical con- 

 figuration, so as to justify the conclusion that they were not all of the 

 same race, has long been accepted by archaeologists. The first 

 observer who made a definite statement, based on anatomical data, was 

 the late Sir Daniel Wilson, in his well-known ' Prehistoric Annals of 

 Scotland.' Whilst admitting that the material at his disposal was 

 scanty, he thought that he was justified in stating that the primitive 

 race in Scotland possessed an elongated dolichocephalic head, which 

 he termed boat-shaped, or kumbecephalic. This race, he said, was 

 succeeded by a people with shorter and wider skulls, which possessed 

 brachycephalic proportions. Further, he considered that both these 

 races preceded the intrusion of the CeltaB into Scotland. But the 

 evidence is by no means satisfactory that the interments from which 

 Wilson obtained the long kumbecephalic skulls were of an older date 

 than those which yielded the brachycephalic specimens. So far, 

 therefore, as rests upon these data, one cannot consider it as proved 

 that a long-headed race preceded a broad-headed race in Scotland, and 

 that both were antecedent to the Celtae. 



Evidence from other quarters must be looked for, especially from 

 the extensive researches of Thurnam, Greenwell, Eolleston and other 

 archaBologists into prehistoric interments in England ; and by the 

 study of the material which has accumulated in Scotland since the 

 publication of Sir Daniel Wilson's ' Prehistoric Annals.' 



The remains of prehistoric man in England subsequent to the 

 PalsBolithic Age have for the most part been found in mounds and 

 tumuli, some of which were very elongated in form, others more 

 rounded, so that they have been divided into the two groups of Long 



