Aug. 21, 1916 Life-History Studies of Cirphis Unipuncta 807 



to 22 blunt teeth, which appear as transverse strias. Also the prothoracic 

 spiracles of the pupa are observable just dorsad of those on the larva 

 through the mesothoracic integument of the larva as red-brown chitinized 

 spots. Two or three minutes before the skin begins to split, the dorsum 

 of the second segment of the thorax had changed its shape conspicuously, 

 suggesting a scutum or scutellum extension. The skin on the fifth and 

 following abdominal segments appears to be shriveled up and ready to 

 drop off about 15 minutes before pupation. A red mark observed on the 

 clypeus of the new pupa is not observable through the larval mask. 



Pupation, so far as the molt of the last larval skin is concerned, was 

 observed to take place in about a minute. The integument splits along 

 the median dorsal line of the thorax and the pupa vigorously works itself 

 out. The mask splits along the inner seams of the genae, leaving a trian- 

 gular piece above the clypeus, and the whole remains clinging to the cast 

 skin after the pupa has escaped. The lining of the esophagus was cast 

 with the mask. The compound eyes continued as dark spots on the new 

 pupa for several minutes after the mask had split. The wing pads at time 

 of escape of pupa from exuvium — about four minutes after the mask first 

 split — reached 8.25 mm. back from the apex of the head. The red-brown 

 spot on the clypeus of the pupa is slightly above the point from which the 

 esophagus was cast. There was no apparent function for this spot. The 

 prothoracic spiracles of the pupa are red-brown, as evidenced through the 

 larval skin a few minutes before pupation, and those posterior lack the 

 red color but have slightly dusky rims. About 14 minutes after the 

 molting the wing pads reached 9.60 mm. back from the apex of the head. 

 From other observations the color of the prothoracic spiracles of the pupa 

 may vary to crimson and other spiracles to pinkish red or rosy with a fine 

 line of dark red at the rim. Thepupais at first cream -colored; in about 18 

 minutes after issuing it is a pale salmon, and in 25 minutes it begins to get 

 brown. After that it browns up rapidly, but one and one-fourth hours 

 afterwards it has not become full mahogany brown. The anal spines 

 appear to be very useful in "kicking off" the exuvium. About 15 

 minutes after pupation the fat bod)^ shows through the wing pads and is 

 irregularly assembled at ends of abdominal segments. About 30 minutes 

 after pupation the two abdominal segments next behind the wing pads 

 are getting rosy bands, and the last three segments are almost solidly the 

 same color. The dorsum of the abdomen is of a dark-rose color, with two 

 or three segments on the dorsal aspect having brown, roughened, chiti- 

 nized edges. About 45 minutes after molting, the abdomen behind the 

 wing pads is nearly uniformly rosy. The fat body now appears in rings 

 through the wing pads. About one and one-fourth hours after pupation, 

 the rose color gradually changes through dark salmon to light red-brown. 

 The abdomen continues light red-brown for two and one-fourth hours after, 

 but no red has begun to appear on the wing pads. Within three and 



