Oct. 7,i9i8 Crosses between Dairy and Beef Breeds of Cattle 25 



body and the simultaneous presence of other recessive factors for white 

 in the rest of the body. - The second conclusion could be explained on 

 chance sorting, in which chance had given us nine heterozygous bulls. 

 Such a conclusion would seem unlikely, unless the piebald condition is 

 lethal when homozygous. Furthermore, the piebald condition is always 

 favored in the ratios obtained as this work and that of Kiesel (18) have 

 shown. 



The work of others furnishes further supporting, evidence for the 

 view that the white markings are brought about not by one factor but 

 by the interaction of many. Boyd (10) and Nabours {26) have shown 

 that the white face of the Hereford is dominant. In collecting evidence 

 for cases parallel to their case of animals white with red and with black 

 ears Lloyd -Jones and Evvard (20) found Storer (20), Wilsdorf (48), 

 and others had described similar cases. Chillingham and Park cattle 

 have such dominant markings of white body coat with black ears; and 

 Pembroke and Highland cattle, which have a coat of almost identical 

 pattern, have the character recessive. Wilson (57) further fills in the 

 gap by describing cases of cattle which were all white. Besides these 

 examples the belt of the Dutch-belted cattle has been shown to be 

 separately inherited. Thus it would seem that there are many cases 

 where a given kind of white is separately inherited. 



All of these cases are important for the interpretation of the coat of 

 the roan Shorthorn. Already some of those differences in behavior 

 of the white have been used for parallels to explain the peculiar ratios 

 obtained in these Shorthorn cattle studies (20, 58). It remains, how- 

 ever, to be shown that there is any difference in the inherited white 

 throughout the different parts of the coat before this parallelism is 

 established. Allen (/) has made a beginning at this kind of attack by 

 his studies on the distribution of these white markings in mammals and 

 birds. His studies as to the location of the centers of these spots are in 

 general found to check well with this study. The location of the areas 

 may be given as follows: The forehead, the throat, a band across the 

 shoulders often extending to the belly, an irregular spot on the rump 

 including some of the tail set, irregular spots on the flanks, lower half 

 of tail above switch, belly from brisket to inguinal region and any leg 

 as a coronet, or as a short or long stocking. 



The data on these crossbreds as above presented are well suited to this 

 novel analysis. The markings of both parents and offspring have been 

 carefully examined and described in writings, by drawings, and with 

 photographs. The areas were found to fall naturally into the groups 

 above mentioned. The material to determine the behavior in inheritance 

 of the various groups is available. » 



The general, practice followed throughout the study of these indi- 

 vidual spots is to consider each area separately. The general conclu- 

 sions for the behavior of these areas are then given. If there are any 



