CONTENTS 



CHAPTER VII 



THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY IN THE PERPETUATION OF 

 THE CRIES OF BIRDS 



. , . r • • PAGES 



Absolute inheritance of cries m plovers, common fowl, duck, swan, 

 pheasant, etc. — Family cries — Cries of allied young more 

 alike than those of allied adults — The cahs of the crows : 

 heard in starling and jay — Similarity between starling and 

 thrushes — Rattling alarm of mistle-thrush, modified in black- 

 bird, ousel, song -thrush, fieldfare, and American robin — 

 Similarity of occasions of utterance of alarms by blackbird and 

 European robin — Similarities traced in call-notes of birds of 

 the thrush family : also between their songs — Prevalence of 

 imitation — The warblers — Particular cry common to nightin- 

 gale, willow-warbler, and chiffchafif — Similar alarm-croaks of 

 nightingale, sedge- warbler, and lesser whitethroat — Recapitu- 

 lation — Similarities between notes of wagtails — Songs of tree- 

 pipit and meadow-pipit described : similarity to that of sky- 

 lark — Larks of three continents, with the same manner of 

 song — Family resemblances in the buntings — Resemblance 

 between call -notes of yellow bunting and greenfinch in 

 flight — Notes of the finches — Canary has family traits — Tell 

 tell cries of house -sparrow and greenfinch — Similar cries 

 of young chaffinch and young house-sparrow — Various other 

 orders mentioned ...... 86-139 



CHAPTER VIII 



VARIATION IN BIRD-VOICES : ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS 



Prevalence of variation — Instances mentioned by authors — 

 Variation in songs of blackbird, yellow-hammer, chaffinch, 

 robin, house-sparrow, and cuckoo — Illustrated in the robin's 

 alarm ....... 140-158 



