282 corvidjE. 



and only found in winter, but it becomes more numerous 

 towards the north till, in Normandy and Picardy, it is as 

 abundant at that season as in any part of England. On the 

 other hand the Black Crow is said to be resident throughout 

 France, and in the south very plentiful in winter. In 

 Belgium and Holland it is also resident and common. In 

 Germany, the Elbe is stated to mark roughly the boundary 

 of the breeding-limits of the two forms — the Black Crow 

 occupying the districts to the westward and the Grey Crow 

 those to the eastward of that river, but in Upper Lusatia, 

 Anhalt, Brunswick (Journ. f. Orn. 1871, p. 212), and 

 Mecklenburg both are found breeding ; and in the duchy last 

 named hybrids frequently occur, as they do also in Holstein. 

 In Denmark, however, the Grey birds almost entirely prevail, 

 the Black being very rare, and even in that part of Germany 

 where the Black Crow breeds the Grey predominates in 

 winter. In Savoy the Black form is common and resident, 

 but the Grey is rare and does not breed. The latter how- 

 ever, says Dr. Salvadori, is common and resident throughout 

 the whole of Italy and its islands, while he believes that the 

 former is confined to Upper Italy and is wanting from 

 Tuscany southwards, but further observations are hereon 

 required. In Piedmont hybrids between the two occur. In 

 the Austrian Dominions their distribution has not as yet 

 been clearly defined, and with regard to some parts of it the 

 evidence is to a certain extent conflicting, though the Grey 

 Crow seems generally to pervade the whole. The Black 

 Crow also occurs in Moravia and Bohemia, but in the last it 

 is chiefly if not entirely confined to the wooded highlands of 

 the west. In Austria proper it is very rare, though abundant 

 in the Tyrol. In Styria it appears in winter, but it is not 

 recorded by modern writers from Carinthia. It occurs, how- 

 ever, in Servia, Wallachia, Bulgaria and Maced6nia, but its 

 asserted existence in Greece must at present be regarded as 

 doubtful — while the Grey Crow inhabits all these and the 

 intervening countries, extends to most of the islands of the 

 Greek Archipelago, and was found breeding in Crete by Col. 

 Drummond-Hay. 



