76 Journal of Agriculture. [8 Feb., 1907. 



be worn for the same reason. After the lapse of a week or so, when 

 the exudation has dried up, the blistered surface may be oiled or smeared 

 with lard, tO' prevent cracking of the skin. When the action of the 

 blister is too excessive, the part should be washed clean with luke-warm 

 water, and a cooling liniment, such as equal parts of Goulard's extract 

 and sweet oil, applied. 



Back Raking. 



This term is applied to the removal of the foeces or dung contained in 

 those parts of the bowels which are reachable by the hand and ann. 

 Back-raking is usually done as a preliminary to the giving of an enema 

 in cases of colic, constipation, and other bowel complaints. The arm 

 and hand introduced into the rectum should be well oiled, and no unne- 

 cessary violence used, so that subsequent straining and irritation may be 

 avoided. 



Passing the Catheter. 



A catheter is an instrument used for withdrawing urine from the 

 bladder., Male catheters for the larger animals are made of flexible 

 gum elastic, and are from 4 to 5 feet long, while those for females are 

 about 18 inches. Passing the catheter in the horse and mare is a com- 

 paratively simple matter. In the former case, the horse having been 

 secured, as elsewhere advised, and a twitch applied, the point of the 

 penis is drawn gently out of the sheath with one hand, and the rounded 

 end of the catheter inserted into the urethra with the other, the instru- 

 ment, which should have been previonslv smeared with vaseline, being 

 pushed as far as the bend of the urethra into the peh'is below the anus. 

 .An assistant should direct the point round this bend, and shortly after- 

 wards the bladder will be reached, when the urine will commence to 

 trickle away. 



The* urethral opening in the mare is on the floor of the vulva, about 

 a finger's length from the lips, and is covered by a fold of rriucous mem- 

 brane, which requires to be lifted with the finger to allow of the passage 

 of the catheter. 



In the cow there is an obstacle to the free passage of the catheter in 

 the shape of a small cul-de-sac at the entrance to the urethra on its lower 

 side. The point of the catheter needs to be directed past this cul-de-sac 

 vith the finger, otherwise its introduction will be arrested. 



Im the bull and ram, the passing of the catheter is a somewhat difficult 

 operation, in that there is a peculiar S-shaped curve of the urethra in the 

 region of the scrotum, past which the catheter cannot be pushed while 

 the penis is in a flaccid condition. It is, therefore, necessary to produce 

 a partial erection, and withdrawal of the penis, so as to temporarily 

 obliterate the curve before the catheter can be passed. 



Enemata. 



An Enema is an injection of fluid into the rectum or end gut. Irv 

 cases of constipation, impaction of the colon, inflammation of the bowels, 

 and diarrhoea, an enema is a valuable auxiliarv to the general treatment. 



Warm water, in which sufficient soap has been dissolved to form a 

 copious froth, is usually used. It is injected by means of a force pump 

 and hose (Reid's enema pump is specially designed for the purpose), or 

 a large syringe or a large funnel with the tube at right angles to the 

 bowl. (See Figs. 15 and 16.) 



