766 Journal of Agriculture. [9 Dec, 1907. 



the openings of the uriniferous ducts. It distends the pelvis and by pressure 

 mav cause absorption of the kidney tissue to an extent to interfere with 

 the function of the organ. In such cases the animal becomes debilitated, 

 but as a rule there are no noticeable symptoms during life. It is con- 

 ceivable that renal calculi might be removed by surgical operation, but no 

 cases of such have been recorded. The fact that the diagnosis can be 

 little more than suspicion would scarcely warrant operative interference. 



The ureters or tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder are little 

 subject to abnormalities. Occasionally a renal calculus, or fragment of 

 such, may pass from the kidney into the ureter and become blocked in it. 

 This mav be a rare cause of apparent-colic. 



BLADDER AFFECTIONS. 



Inflammation of Bladder (Cystitis). 



This also is a rare affection and seldom occurs in animals, if ever, 

 except from overdoses of irritant drugs. 



The Symptoms are those of distress from pain and fever ; there is 

 frequent straining to pass a small quantity of thick blood-tinged slimv 

 urine. In females, excitement of the external genitals is obvious. 



Figs. 115 and 116. Male and female catheters for farm animals. 



Treatment. — In addition to sedatives internally and the giving of as 

 much water as the patient will drink, the local treatment should include 

 the injection into the bladder by means of a catheter of soothing fluids. 

 Infusion of poppies or opium, warm solution of bicarbonate of soda or 

 boracic acid (half an ounce to the pint), clear linseed mucilage or jelly and 

 solutions of gum or starch are suitable agents to inject. 



Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder. 



This sometimes occurs in association with spasm of the bowels during 

 an attack of colic. It will usually pass away without treatment on the 

 subsidence of the colicky pains. If the spasm persists however it may 

 be counteracted by applying a stimulating liniment to the skin immediately 

 below the anus in males or by injecting warm water into the vagina in 

 females. 



Gravel and Bladder Calculus. 



This occurs rather frequently in sheep and also in horses. It may 

 take the form of a collection of sand-like calcareous matter (sabulous mat- 

 ter), lying in the cavity of the bladder, or the lime salts may concrete into 

 a calculus or stone. In the former case the urine will be frequently thick 

 from the suspension in it of a quantity of the sabulous matter. When a 

 calculus is present it may wound the lining membrane of the bladder at 

 times and cause the passage of blood-tinged urine. 



Treatment. — Removal by operation is the only effective treatment. 

 This is comparatively easy to accomplish in the mare, as with the aid of 

 cocaine and atropine the mouth of the bladder (urethra) may be easily 

 dilated to allow of the passage of the operator's hand. In the horse the 

 operation (lithotomy) is more difficult and dangerous and should not be 



