16 PASSEKES. 



h''. Nostrils bare or merely over- 

 liuuir by hairs or plumelets. 

 d'' . Rictai bristles always present. 

 «■*. Inner and hind toe very u).- 



ec[ual Sittidae. 



i"'. Inner and hind toe equal. 

 d\ Winfr rounded, tarsus long 



and strong Timaliidae. 



h\ Wing more pointed, tarsus 



less strong and long .... Pycnonotidae. 

 (■''. Itictal bristles absent. 

 c^. Tail-feathers stitland pointed. Certhiidap. 

 ?/■*. Tail-feathers soft and rounded. Troglodytidae. 

 6\ Pluuiage of nestling mottled or 

 squamated. 

 c^. Nostrils not covered by any hairs. 



/■'. Rictai bristles absent Cinclidse. 



'(/. Rictai bristles present Turdidae. 



c¥'. Nostrils more or less coveied by 



hairs " Muscicapidae. 



(■■'. Plumage of nestling cross- barred. 

 6''. I'olded wings not reaching beyond 

 middle ot tail. 

 //>■. Shafts of rump-feathers soft .. Laniidae. 

 i'. Shafts of rump-feathers spinous. Campephagidae. 

 /''. Folded wings reaching to tip of 



tiiil Artamidae. 



d^. Plumage of nestling spotted with 



white Diciuridae. 



e'. Plumage of nestling like the adults, 



but brighter Sylviidae. 



f'\ Plumage of nestling like the adults, 



but paler ." Regulidae. 



(/'\ I'lumage of nestling streaked. 

 f/°. Rictai bristles presenf. 

 f. Nostrils covered with hairs . . Irenidae. 

 /,■'. Nostrils quite exposed. 



<■". First primary at least half 



length of second Oriolidae. 



/-. First primary less than half 



second : Eulabetidae. 



V'. Without rictai l)ristles Sstiirnidae. 



lA. Nostrils pierced, partly within line of 

 forehead and nearer culnien than 



commissure Ploceidae. 



h"^. AVing with nine primaries, the 10th 



obsolete. 



c\ Bill conical, pointed and entire, the 



longest secondaries reaching to a 



point midway between the middle 



and top of wing Fringillidae. 



J*. Bill long, slender and notched, the 

 longest secondaries reaching almost 



to tip of wing Motacillidae. 



e'. Bill flat, broad and notched, the longest 

 secondaries reaching to the middle 

 of wing- Hirundinidse. 



