172 HYMENOPTERA 



workers attaining an inch and a quarter in length. This Insect, 

 according to Bates, inarches in single file in the thickets at Para ; 

 its colonies consist of a small number of individuals, and are 

 established at the roots of slender trees. The effects of its 

 powerful sting are not so serious as is the case with some of the 

 smaller ants. 



In Britain we have only two representatives of the sub-family, 

 viz. Ponera contraeta, a small ant of dirty-yellow colour, found 

 rarely in the Southern counties, living in moss or under stones. 

 Its colonies consist of only a few individuals ; Forel giving fifty 

 as the highest numl)er he has observed. The second species, P. 

 jmnctatissima, presents the almost unique peculiarity of possess- 

 ing two forms of the male sex, one of them resembling tbe 

 worker in most of its peculiarities, and in l)eing destitute of 

 wings, while the other is winged, as is usual in male ants. In 

 the island of St. Vincent another species of Povrra has been dis- 

 covered having an apterous and worker-like male, and was named 

 by Forel P. rrgatandria} The discovery of this form has led 

 him to express some doubt as to whether Ponera punctatissima 

 has two forms of males ; but it seems probable that it really is 

 so, the ergatoid males being produced under somewhat different 

 circumstances from the normal males. We shall subsequently 

 see that Cardioconclyla and a fe\v other Myrmicides exhibit an 

 analogous peculiarity. 



The genus Mynnecia is confined to the Australian continent 

 and Tasmania, and includes a considerable number of species of 

 large and moderate-sized ants, the classification of which has 

 been a subject of difference of opinion. This has arisen from 

 the fact that the nodes of the al)doniinal pedicel are more similar 

 to those existing in the Myrmicides than to those of the typical 

 Ponerides. There are, however, some American members of the 

 latter sub-family {Paraj)onera clarata, e.;/.) that differ but little 

 in this point from Myrmecia, and, moreover, the pupae of Myr- 

 mecia are enclosed in a cocoon, while in tlie Myrmicides they 

 are usually naked. On the other hand the nests are, it appears, 

 very large and populous, more like what exists in the Myrmi- 

 cides ; there is no true stridulating organ on the first abdominal 

 segment. The genus is therefore one of those interesting 

 anomalies that form so large a proportion of the Australian 



1 Tr. eat. Sue. London, 1893, pp. 365-467. 



