340 



LEI'IDOPTERA 



the way of improvemeut of classificatiou. The progress made 

 has been limited to a better comprehension and definition of the 

 families. The nervuration of the wings is the character most 

 in vogue for this purpose. As regards the larger groups, and 

 Phylogeny, there is a general opinion prevalent to the effect that 

 Micropterygidae, Eriocephalidae and Hepialidae are in a com- 

 paratively primitive condition, but as to the relations of these 

 families one with the other, or with other Lepidoptera, there is a 

 wide difference of opinion. 



The primary divisions of the family most often met with in 

 literature are : — either Ehopalocera ( = butterflies) and Hetero- 



FiG. 176. — Clubs of biitterflieis' 

 antennae. Terminal portions 

 of antenna of, 1, Pieris bras- 

 sicae ; 2, Styx infernalis ; 3, 

 Hest'm idea (sub-family Dan- 

 aides) ; 4, Evdaimi-S proteus, 

 and 5, Limuchores tanmat; 

 (Hesperiidae). (After Schatz 

 and Scudder.) 



cera ( = moths; ; or Macrolepidoptera and Microlepidoptera ; 

 the Macrolepidoptera. including the butterflies and large moths, 

 the Microlepidoptera being limited to the families Tineidae 

 (now itself in process of division into numerous families) and 

 Tortricidae ; some entomologists including also Pyralidae, Ptero- 

 phoridae and Orneodidae in Microlepidoptera. The division of all 

 Lepidoptera into two series is merely a temporary device necessi- 

 tated by imperfect acrpiaiutance with morphology. The division 

 into Macro- and Micro- lepidoptera is entirely unscientific. 



Series 1. Ehopalocera or Butterflies. — Antennae knobbed at tlie tip or 

 tliickened a little before the tip, without pectinations, projecting 

 processes, or consijicuous arrangements of cilia. Hind wings with- 

 out a frenulum, but with the costal nervure strongly curved at the 

 base (Fig. 161, II, B). 



Series II. Heferocera or Moths. — Antennae various in form, only rarely 

 knoljljed at the tip, and in such cases a frenulum present. In tlie 

 large majority a frenulum is jiresent, and the costal nervure of the 

 hind-wing is either but little arched at the base (as in Fig. 161, 

 I, B) or it has a large area between it and the front margin ; 

 but in certain families the hind wing is formed much as in 

 Ehopalocera. 



