BUTTERFLIES — PIERIDAE PAPILIONIDAE 



359 



appearance in a definite manner in the course of the larval life. 

 The caterpillar of Etichloe cardamines exhibits a larval meta- 

 morphosis of a well-marked character. The young larva (Fig. 

 181) is armed with peculiar setae, furcate at the tip, each of 

 which bears a tiny 

 ball of fluid. In this 

 stage the caterpillar 

 makes scarcely any 

 movement. In the 

 middle of the cater- 

 pillar's life a new 

 vestiture appears 

 after an ecdysis ; 

 numerous fine hairs 



are present, and the Fig. 182. —Larva of Euchloe cardamines in middle life. 



fluid-bearing spines ^' '^'' ^''^"" '"^ P™^^' ' ^' °''' ^'S™'"* "^°^'^ magnified, 

 nearly disappear, being reduced to a single series of spines of a 

 comparatively small size on each side of the upper middle region 

 of the body (Fig. 182). The colour is also a good deal 

 changed, and concomitantly there is a much greater voracity 

 and restlessness. 



Fam. 5, Papilionidae. — All the legs urll develoijed. Chnrs 

 large, simple, withotit empodium. Front tibiae with a pad. The 

 metaoiotum free, conspicuously exjjosed hetvjeen mesonotvm and, 

 ahdomen. This series of butterflies includes some of the most 

 magnificent of the members of the Insect world. It is considered 

 by some authorities to be the highest family of liutterflies ; and 

 in one very important feature — sexual differentiation — it cer- 

 tainly is entitled to the rank. There are about 700 recorded 

 species, the larger portion of wdiich are included in the genus 

 Papilio. The great variety of form has led to this genus being- 

 divided ; the attempts have, however, been partial, with the 

 exception of an arrangement made by Felder, who adopted 75 

 sections, and a recent consideration of the subject by Haase, who 

 arranges Felder's sections into three sub-genera. Many of the 

 sections have received names, and are treated by some authors as 

 genera, so that an unfortunate diversity exists as to the names 

 used for these much-admired Insects. The genus is distributed 

 all over the world, but is perhaps nowhere more numerous in 

 species than in South America. Wallace informs us that the great 



