458 DIPTERA CHAi'. 



Series lY. Cyclorrhapha Scliizophora : Stomoxys, Haematohia ; 

 both sexes (?) ; larvae in dung. [The Tse-tse flies, Glossina, 

 are placed in this family, though their mode of parturition is 

 that of the next section]. 



Series Y. Pupipara. The lialjit of Ijlood-sucking is probably 

 common to all the group and to both sexes. The flies, with 

 one exception, frequent Yertebrates ; in many cases living 

 entirely on their bodies, and apparently imbibing much lilood ; 

 the larvae are nourished inside the flies, not on the imbibed 

 blood, but on a milky secretion from the mother. 



Sub-Order Aphaniptera. Fleas. The habit of blood-sucking is 

 common to all the members and to both sexes. The larvae 

 live on dried animal matter. 



Fossil Diptera. — A considerable variety of forms have been 

 found in amber, and many in the tertiary beds ; very few members 

 of the Cyclorrhaphous Sections are, however, among them ; the 

 Tipulidae, on the other hand, are richly represented. In the 

 Mesozoic epoch the Order is found as early as the Lias, the 

 forms being exclusively Orthorrhaphous, Ijoth Nemocera and 

 Brachycera being represented. All are referred to existing 

 families. Xothing has l)een found tending to connect the 

 Diptera with other Orders. No Palaeozoic Diptera are known. 



Series 1 Orthorrhapha Nemocera 



Fam. 1. Cecidomyiidae. — An extensive family of very minute 

 and fragile flies, the ivlngs of ivhich have very few nerrures ; tlie 

 antennae are rather long, and are furnished with lohorls of hair. 

 In the case of some species the antennae are lieautiful objects ; 

 in Xylodiplosis some of the hairs have no free extremities, but 

 form loops (Fig. 220). In the males of certain species the 

 joints appear to be double, each one consisting of a neck and a 

 body. Although comparatively little is known as to the flies 

 themselves, yet these Insects are of importance on account of 

 their preparatory stages. The larvae have very diverse habits ; 

 the majority live in plants and form galls, or produce defor- 

 mations of the leaves, flowers, stems, buds, or roots in a great 

 variety of ways ; others live under bark or in animal matter ; 

 some are predaceous, killing Aphidae or Acari, and even other 



