560 OETHOPTERA. 



ing long excretory ducts, besides, also, often having long 

 pedunculated reservoirs. 



The number of chambers in the dorsal vessel is usuall;y 

 eight. The respiratory system does not differ essentially from 

 that of other insects, though in the Acridii most of the trans- 

 verse anastomosing trachejB have large air-reservoirs, greatly 

 assisting in lightening the body for their long-sustained 

 flight. 



The urinary tubules are short and very numerous, from 

 twenty to one hundred and fifty and over, surrounding the 

 pylorus. The ovaries, two in number, consist of numerous 

 multilocular tubes, while the seminal receptacle consists of a 

 pedunculated Acsicle, whose closed extremity is dilated into 

 a pea-shaped vesicle, forming the capsula seminis. In most 

 Orthoptera the testes consist of long fasciculated follicles sur- 

 rounded by a common euAelope, and many have in addition 

 highly developed accessory glands, surrounding a short ductus 

 ejaculatorius. 



The larvae of the Orthoptera materially differ only in size 

 from the adult, and the pupae are distinguished from them by 

 having the rudiments of wings. The}' attain the adult state 

 by simple moultings. Several cases are on record of pupae 

 of grasslioppers being found sexually united. In 1867 Mr. 

 Trimen exhibited to the Entomological Society of London "a 

 grasshopper of the genus Poecilocerus, of which he had found 

 the pupic in copula ; it was not an isolated case, for he had 

 seen hundreds of pairs of the n^niphs at Natal." 



Some of the largest insects are included in this suborder, in 

 fact the majority are larger than those of other suborders, and 

 it will probably be found that man}- large grasshoppers and 

 Jfantidce will weigh nearly as much as any Goliath or Her- 

 oules beetle, the largest of insects. 



The Orthoptera range, in time, from the Carboniferous for- 

 mation ; and among tlie earliest forms are certain species of 

 Dlattaricc, which are next to the group of the Neuroptera^ 

 tlie earliest known forms of insect life. In the Carboniferous 

 rocks they have rarely occurred, but the forms are most nu- 

 merous and best preserved in the Tertiary formation, espe- 

 cially in the Amber of Prussia. 



