80 



THE CLASS OF INSECTS. 



(These lobes will be explained farther on when speaking 

 of their development in the embryo.) Behind the epicra- 



nium is the occiput, 

 or base of the head. 

 It belongs to the la- 

 bial, or second max- 

 illary segment, and 

 helps to form a com- 

 plete ring, articulat- 

 ing with the thorax. 

 It is perforated by a 

 foramen to afford a 

 connection between 

 the interior of the 

 head and thorax. It 

 is sometimes, as in 

 many Coleoptera, Or- 

 thoptera, and Ilemip- 

 tera, elongated be- 

 hind and constricted, 

 thus forming a "neck." It will be seen beyond, that the 

 labrum and clypeus are in the embryo developed from a 

 "tongue-like process Avhose inferior part eventually becomes 

 the labrum, while superiorly it sends a triangular process (the 

 rudiment of the clypeus) into the interval between the proce- 

 phalic lobes."* This part {i.e. the clypeus and labrum) is the 

 most anterior part of the head, and in the embrj'o, as in the 

 adult, is normally situated in front of the ocelli, but is not to 

 be compared with the " anal plate," or eleventh tergite, of the 

 larva, or with the telson of the scorpion, as Huxley f supposes. 



Fig. 42. Side view of the front part of the head, together with the mouth- 

 parts of the Humble-bee (Bombiis). a, clyiieus covered witli hairs; b, labnini; 

 c, the fleshy ei)ipharynx partially con(^ealed by the base of the mandibles (rf)'- 

 e, laciuia, or blade of the maxillaj, with their two-jointed i)alpi (/) at the base ; j, the 

 labium to which is ajipended the ligula {(/); below are the labial palpi; h, the two 

 basal jonits, being greatly enlarged; A-, the compound eyes.— Orif/iniiL 



* These lobes are folded back upon the top of the base of the heail, and they 

 seem to form the terr/nl portion of t'lC antennary ring, to which they respectively 

 belong and do not seem to us to be the sternal ])ortion, as suggested by Huxley, 

 for they are apparently developed in front of the mouth-opening, and form the roof 

 of tlie month. 



t " Lastly, there are certain parts developed singly in the median line in tlie ArUc- 

 ulata. Of this nature are the frontal spines of Crustacea, their telson, and the sting 



