360 DIPTERA. 



The function of the halteres, or "poisers," is still problema- 

 tical. Hicks and Leydig consider them as organs of hearing, 

 while Goureau and Loew think they are concerned in the act 

 of respiration. 



Besides the well known wingless genus Chionea, and the 

 Flea, Sheep-tick, and Braula, Loew, the eminent German ento- 

 mologist, enumerates several European species of Tipula, the 

 females of Avliich liaA-e the wings rudimentary ; and also a spe- 

 cies of Limnobia (Idioptera). Epidapus is wingless in both 

 sexes. "Psyllomyia, Apterina and Elaehiptera, and species 

 of Tachista, Chersodromia and Geomyza have rudimentary 

 wings in both sexes ; in other forms the wings are only abbre- 

 viated in both sexes CSciomyza), or in those of the male or fe- 

 male are smaller than in the other sex (species of Empis, 

 Rhamphomyia, Idioptera and Tipula)." 



Fig. 270. Diagramof a wing icith two suhmarginal and fire posterior cells {Clachira 

 indivisa). Cells: — 1, costal; 2, subcostal; 3, marginal; 3*, inner marginal; 4, sub- 

 marginal; 5, second submarginal; C-10, Ih-st to fifth posterior; 11, discal; 12, first 

 basal ; 13, second basal ; 14, anal ; 15, axillary ; V>, spurious. J^eins i—b I, auxiliary ; 

 cm, first longitudinal; h, n, o, second longitudinal; h i, praefiirca; I: n, anterior 

 branch of tlie second longitudinal vein; h o, posterior branch of the second longi- 

 tudinal vein; i/j, petiole of the first submarginal cell; «iJ, third longitudinal; dq 

 rst, fourth longitudinal; q r, fork of its anterior branch; the posterior branch of 

 this fork, ending in r, is Mr. Loew's anterior intercalary rein; s t, fork of the pos- 

 terior branch of the fourth vein; the branch of tliis fork, ending In t, is Mr. Loew's 

 posterior intercalary vein; e m, fifth longitudinal; / r, sixth longitudinal; g to, 

 seventh longitudinal. Cross-veins: — x,\mmC:Yi\\; x x, subcostal; a;j;a;, marginal; 

 X*, small, or anterior cross- vein; x**, great cross-vein. — i-Vo^ji Osten Sacken. 



Fig. 271 (1). Wing of Ortalis.—a, transverse shoulder- vein ; b, auxiliary vein; c, 

 d, e, f, g and h, first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth longitudinal veins; i, 

 small or middle transverse vein; k, hinder transverse vein; I, m, n, o, costal vein; 

 p, anterior basal transverse vein; <7, posterior basal transverse vein; »•, rudiment 

 of the fourth trunk; .s, axillary incision; A, B, and C, first, second and third costal 

 cells ; D, marginal cell ; E, submarginal cell ; F, G and H, first, second and third 

 posterior cells; /, discal cell; A', first or large basal cell; L, second basal cell, or 



