Beetles 



285 



Tulv or Augvist in the bark, the young borer (a footless, flattened, whUish 

 Irub) burrowing first into the sap-wood, where it passes the wmter. Dur- 

 tthe next year it bores vigorously around under the bark, and when about 

 "; e, n onths old makes a final deep burrow into the heart-wood nWhe 

 .f vvhirh it uuD-ites Fig. S94 shows all the stages of this insect. The 

 map e t^ ; nrS;p/..wfo»11... (Fig. 395), I inch long, slender 

 ::^! h b:ol, lay; its 4s on small twigs in maple-trees m July; he ^rv. 

 bore into the center of the twig, eat out a large portion of the wood) hber 

 p u h end of the burrow with castings, and wait for a strong wind to break 

 off the nearly severed branch. In the fallen twigs thus broken off the 

 larvrpupate , and the beetles issue, the life-history taking just about a yea 

 or conX™. This pest also "prunes" oaks, and apple, pear, plum, and 

 Ither ? u t rees. The sawvers, various species of the genus Monohammus, 

 are be— brown and grayish beetles with e.xtremely long delicate antenna- 

 ZZ. bore in sound pines and firs and do great injury to evergreen 



^" One of the worst and most familiar orchard pests is the round-headed 



apple tree borer, Saperda Candida (Fig. 396). The beetle is f mch long, 



narrow, and subcylindrical, pale brown with 



two broad creamy-white longitudinal stripes. 



The eggs are laid on the bark at the base of 



the tree in June and July. The larva works 



at first in the sap-wood, making a flat shallow 

 cavity filled with sawdust and castings; later 

 it burrows deejier and works upward. When 

 nearly three vears old it bores a tunnel from 

 the heart-wo^d out nearly to the bark, partly ^'^^^^^'^^^^^^pT:^::^ 

 tilling the outer part with sawdust and then ^n^^^ ^^^^^.^ _^_^_j ^^,^,,j ^^.^j,,., 

 retires to the inner end and pupates. Two (After Saunders; natural size.) 

 or three weeks after pupation the adult beetle ,.„„., 



issues from the pupal skin, works outward along the tunne la^id cuts a 

 Toth circular hol'e in the bark through which ^ escapes. JVh^n seve^l 

 hrvffi are working in a tree they may completely girdle it, so that 1 dies. 

 The mo" !Secti^^ remedy is to apply a repellent wash o lime or soft soap 

 lomle base of the trunk up to the first branches several times during the 



repiem n No^h America by four species, of which the most common 

 is Par^L hrunnea (PI. H, Fig. 14), a beautiful pohshed mahogan>- 

 hrown beetle found under the bark of pine-trees. 



