362 



The Moths and Butterflies 



various means of defence; the hairy ones are an uncomfortable mouthful 

 for a bird, the naked and brightly marked ones usually contain an acrid 

 and distasteful body fluid, while still others find protection in a color pattern 

 harmonizing with their habitual environment. 



The food-habits of the larvse make of many of them serious pests of 

 our growing crops. Most are leaf-eaters and all are voracious feeders, so 

 that an abundance of cutworms or army-worms or maple-worms or tomato- 

 worms always means hard times for their favorite food-plants, which are 

 too often growing grain and 

 vegetables, and leafing or- 

 chard and foliage trees. 

 Others attack fruits, as that 

 dire apple pest, the codlin- 

 moth larva; while still others of- 



Fig. 513. 



Fig. 514. 



Fig. 513. — Front of head, wiih scales removed, of sphinx-moth, showing frontal sclerites 

 and mouth-parts. «/>., epicranium; su., suture; cl., clypeus; ge., gena or cheek; pj., 

 pilifer of labrum; md., mandible. Between the two pi'lifers the base of the sucking- 

 proboscis composed of the apposed ma.xilla; is seen. (Much enlarged.) 



Fig. 514. — Diagram showing mouth-pans of Lcpidoptera. Figure in upper left-hand 

 comer, head, with scales removed, of Catocala sp.: cl., cJypeus; ge., gena or cheek: 

 mx.p., maxillary palpus; /)/., pilifer of labrum. In upper right-hand corner, ventral 

 aspect of head of Catocahi sp.: mx.p., maxillary palpus; ge., gena or cheek: mx.b., 

 base of maxilla; gu., gula; /«;., labium; I p., basal segment of labial palpus. In 

 lower left-hand corner, frontal aspect of head, with scales removed, of sphinx- 

 moth, I'roloparce Carolina: ep., epicranium; cl., clypeus; lb., labrum; pj., pilifer 

 of labrum; md., mandible; ge., gena or cheek. In lower right-hand corner, front 

 of head, with scales removed, of monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus lb., labrum; 

 g., gena or cheek; pf., pilifer of labrum. (Much enlarged.) 



are content with dry organic substances, as the larva? of clothes-moths, meal- 

 moths, and the like. For all of this kind of feeding very different mouth- 

 parts are needed from the delicate sucking-probo.'^cis characteristic of the 

 adults, and the lepidopterous larvae are all provided with well-formed jaw-like 

 mandibles and other parts going to make up a biting mouth structure. The 

 larval eyes are simple ones, not compound as in the adults; the antenna; 

 are short and inconspicuous, not large and feathered as in the moths, or 

 long and thread-like, with knobbed tip, as in the butterflies. Altogether the 



